MUC5AC

Gene Summary

Gene:MUC5AC; mucin 5AC, oligomeric mucus/gel-forming
Aliases: TBM, leB, MUC5, mucin
Location:11p15.5
Summary:-
Databases:OMIM, HGNC, Ensembl, GeneCard, Gene
Protein:mucin-5AC
Source:NCBIAccessed: 31 August, 2019

Ontology:

What does this gene/protein do?
Show (10)

Cancer Overview

Research Indicators

Publications Per Year (1994-2019)
Graph generated 31 August 2019 using data from PubMed using criteria.

Literature Analysis

Mouse over the terms for more detail; many indicate links which you can click for dedicated pages about the topic.

  • Pancreatitis
  • ras Proteins
  • Protein Binding
  • Cancer RNA
  • Prostate Cancer
  • Messenger RNA
  • Stomach Cancer
  • Gene Expression
  • Gastric Mucosa
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Risk Assessment
  • Sialomucins
  • Cervical Cancer
  • Promoter Regions
  • Mucinous Adenocarcinoma
  • Mucin 5AC
  • Phenotype
  • Colorectal Cancer
  • Mucin-2
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)
  • Uterine Diseases
  • Mucins
  • MUC1
  • Disease Progression
  • Biomarkers, Tumor
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Chromosome 11
  • Autologous Transplantat
  • Transcription
  • Neoplasm Proteins
  • p53 Protein
  • MUC5AC
  • Tandem Repeat Sequences
  • RT-PCR
  • Precancerous Conditions
  • Pancreatic Cancer
  • Lung Cancer
  • Mucin-6
  • Cancer Gene Expression Regulation
  • Survival Rate
  • Statistics, Nonparametric
  • Neoplasm Invasiveness
Tag cloud generated 31 August, 2019 using data from PubMed, MeSH and CancerIndex

Specific Cancers (7)

Data table showing topics related to specific cancers and associated disorders. Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression.

Note: list is not exhaustive. Number of papers are based on searches of PubMed (click on topic title for arbitrary criteria used).

Latest Publications: MUC5AC (cancer-related)

Zhou J, Jiang Y, Zhang H, et al.
Clinicopathological implications of TIM3
Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2019; 68(7):1157-1169 [PubMed] Related Publications
Chordoma is difficult to eradicate due to high local recurrence rates. The immune microenvironment is closely associated with tumor prognosis; however, its role in skull base chordoma is unknown. The expression of Galectin-9 (Gal9) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) markers was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox analyses were used to assessing local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients. MiR-455-5p was identified as a regulator of Gal9 expression. Immunopositivity for Gal9 was associated with tumor invasion (p = 0.019), Karnofsky performance status (KPS) score (p = 0.017), and total TIL count (p < 0.001); downregulation of miR-455-5p was correlated with tumor invasion (p = 0.017) and poor prognosis; and the T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain 3 (TIM3)

Zhang D, Liao X, Tang Y, et al.
Warthin-like Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland: Unusual Morphology and Diagnostic Pitfalls.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(6):3213-3217 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Warthin-like mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a newly recognized rare entity and could be misdiagnosed as a benign Warthin tumor. We report such a case of a 36-year-old male who presented with a left parotid gland mass.
CASE REPORT: Fine-needle aspiration showed features suggestive of Warthin tumor. Following parotidectomy, grossly there was a 1.6 cm well-circumscribed multilobular mass with focal areas of cystic change. Microscopically, at low magnification it had histological features resembling Warthin tumor, while lining with squamoid cells with scattered mucocytes demonstrating mild cytologic atypia was observed at high magnification. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for p40, p63, cytokeratin 5/6, cytokeratin 7, and cancer antigen 125, but negative for discovered on GIST-1 (DOG1). Mucicarmine stain highlighted intracellular mucin within mucocytes. Rearrangement of mastermind like transcriptional coactivator 2 (MAML2) (11q21) gene was shown to be present in tumor cells by fluorescence in situ hybridization, supporting the diagnosis of a low-grade Warthin-like mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The patient was disease-free 12 months after surgery.
CONCLUSION: Warthin-like mucoepidermoid carcinoma has not been widely recognized and can be misdiagnosed as Warthin tumor. Testing for MAML2 rearrangement provides essential support for diagnosis in difficult cases.

Xiao Y, Li H, Yang LL, et al.
The Expression Patterns and Associated Clinical Parameters of Human Endogenous Retrovirus-H Long Terminal Repeat-Associating Protein 2 and Transmembrane and Immunoglobulin Domain Containing 2 in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Dis Markers. 2019; 2019:5421985 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Human endogenous retrovirus-H long terminal repeat-associating protein 2 (HHLA2) and transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain containing 2 (TMIGD2) are new immune checkpoint molecules of the B7:CD28 family; however, little research has been performed on these immune checkpoint molecules. In this study, we used oral squamous cells carcinoma (OSCC) tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry methods to investigate the expression patterns of HHLA2 and TMIGD2 in OSCC. After comparing the HHLA2 and TMIGD2 expression levels in OSCC, dysplasia, and mucosa, we found increased HHLA2 expression in OSCC and dysplasia, while the TMIGD2 expression was decreased in OSCC and dysplasia. Using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test, we found that higher HHLA2 or TMIGD2 expression levels in OSCC indicate poor prognosis. Furthermore, two-tailed Pearson's statistical analysis revealed that the HHLA2 expression levels in OSCC, dysplasia, and mucosa were positively correlated with the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM3), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), B7 homolog 3 protein (B7-H3), B7 homolog 4 protein (B7H4), and V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) levels, while the TMIGD2 expression levels in OSCC, dysplasia, and mucosa were inversely correlated with the TIM3, LAG3, and B7H3 levels. Our current study demonstrates that HHLA2 may serve as an immune target for OSCC therapy and that the TMIGD2 expression level in OSCC could forecast patient prognosis.

Matte I, Garde-Granger P, Bessette P, Piché A
Ascites from ovarian cancer patients stimulates MUC16 mucin expression and secretion in human peritoneal mesothelial cells through an Akt-dependent pathway.
BMC Cancer. 2019; 19(1):406 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: CA125 is a well-established ovarian cancer (OC) serum biomarker. The CA125 heavily glycosylated epitope is carried by the MUC16 mucin, a high molecular weight transmembrane mucin. Upon proteolytic cleavage, the extracellular domain of MUC16 is released from the cell surface into malignant ascites and blood vessels. Previous studies have shown that both tumor and surrounding mesothelial cells may express MUC16. Although little is known about the regulation of MUC16 expression in these cells, recent evidence suggest that inflammatory cytokines may stimulate MUC16 expression. Because malignant ascites is a pro-inflammatory environment, we investigated whether OC ascites stimulate the expression and release of MUC16 by human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs).
METHODS: HPMCs were isolated from peritoneal lavages of women operated for conditions other than cancer. MUC16 protein expression was determined by immunoblot, immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry depending on the experiments. The release of MUC16 from the cell surface was measured using EIA and MUC16 mRNA expression by ddPCR.
RESULTS: We show that high-grade serous ascites from patients with OC (n = 5) enhance MUC16 expression in HPMCs. Malignant ascites, but not benign peritoneal fluids, stimulate the release of MUC16 in HPMCs in a dose-dependent manner, which is abrogated by heat inactivation. Moreover, we establish that ascites-induced MUC16 expression occurs at the post-transcriptional level and demonstrate that ascites-induced MUC16 expression is mediated, at least partially, through an Akt-dependent pathway. A cytokine array identified upregulation of several cytokines and chemokines in ascites that mediate MUC16 upregulation versus those that do not, including CCL7, CCL8, CCL16, CCL20, CXCL1, IL-6, IL-10, HGF and IL-1 R4. However, when individually tested, none of these factors affected MUC16 expression or secretion. Concentrations of CA125 in the serum of a given patient did not correlate with the ability of its corresponding ascites to stimulate MUC16 release in HPMCs.
CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these data indicate that mesothelial cells are an important source of MUC16 in the context of ovarian cancer and malignant ascites is a strong modulator of MUC16 expression in HPMCs and uncover the Akt pathway as a driving factor for upregulation of MUC16. Factors in ascites associated with enhanced MUC16 expression and release remains to be identified.

Holland BC, Sood A, Delfino K, et al.
Age and sex have no impact on expression levels of markers of immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoint pathways in patients with muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy.
Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2019; 68(6):991-997 [PubMed] Related Publications
OBJECTIVES: Advanced age and female sex have been associated with worse outcomes in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. A reduced immune response has been implicated as a mechanism. The objective of our study was to analyze the expression patterns of various cellular proteins active in bladder cancer immune pathways, and assess the correlation between age, sex, and the expression of these immune markers.
METHODS: We obtained surgical tissue samples from equally distributed male/female patients with/without lymph node metastasis who had undergone radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder (n = 50). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CD3 (cluster of differentiation), CD4, CD8, CD56, LAG-3 (lymphocyte-activation gene), TIM-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain), PD-1 (programmed death) and PD-L1 molecules was performed and scored by a single pathologist (high versus low). Spearman's correlation and Chi square tests investigated the association between age, sex, and IHC results.
RESULTS: Mean age at surgery was 67 years (range 50-78 years); all patients were Caucasians. The following percent of patients scored high for a stain: 18% CD3, 10% CD4, 0% CD8, 0% CD56, 20% LAG-3, 4% TIM-3, 0% PD-1 and 0% PD-L1. There was no association between patients' age, sex, and the expression of any of the immune markers (p > 0.05 for all).
CONCLUSIONS: The association between advanced age, female sex, and worse outcomes in bladder cancer may be independent of the immune pathways active in the disease that we examined in this study.

Oue N, Sentani K, Sakamoto N, et al.
Molecular carcinogenesis of gastric cancer: Lauren classification, mucin phenotype expression, and cancer stem cells.
Int J Clin Oncol. 2019; 24(7):771-778 [PubMed] Related Publications
Gastric cancer (GC), one of the most common human cancers, is a heterogeneous disease with different phenotypes, prognoses, and responses to treatment. Understanding the pathogenesis of GC at the molecular level is important for prognosis prediction and determining treatments. Microsatellite instability (MSI), silencing of MLH1, MGMT, and CDKN2A genes by DNA hypermethylation, KRAS mutation, APC mutation, and ERBB2 amplification are frequently found in intestinal type GC. Inactivation of CDH1 and RARB by DNA hypermethylation, and amplification of FGFR and MET, are frequently detected in diffuse type GC. In addition, BST2 and PCDHB9 genes are overexpressed in intestinal type GC. Both genes are associated with GC progression. GC can be divided into gastric/intestinal mucin phenotypes according to mucin expression. MSI, alterations of TP73, CDH1 mutation, and DNA methylation of MLH are detected frequently in the gastric mucin phenotype. TP53 mutation, deletion of APC, and DNA methylation of MGMT are detected frequently in the intestinal mucin phenotype. FKTN is overexpressed in the intestinal mucin phenotype, and IQGAP3 is overexpressed in the gastric mucin phenotype. These genes are involved in GC progression. To characterize cancer stem cells, a useful method is spheroid colony formation. KIFC1 and KIF11 genes show more than twofold higher expression in spheroid-forming cells than that in parental cells. Both KIF genes are overexpressed in GC, and knockdown of these genes inhibits spheroid formation. Alterations of these molecules may be useful to understand gastric carcinogenesis. Specific inhibitors of these molecules may also be promising anticancer drugs.

Mollica V, Di Nunno V, Gatto L, et al.
Novel Therapeutic Approaches and Targets Currently Under Evaluation for Renal Cell Carcinoma: Waiting for the Revolution.
Clin Drug Investig. 2019; 39(6):503-519 [PubMed] Related Publications
Management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma has drastically changed in the last few years, witnessing the advent of more and more target therapies and, recently, of immune-checkpoint inhibitors. On the other hand, the adjuvant setting still lacks a clear beneficial treatment. Medical treatment still remains a compelling challenge. A large number of clinical trials is ongoing with the aim to identify new therapeutic approaches to expand the options in our repertoire. Several strategies are under investigation in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). These include new targeted agents and combinations of target therapy and immunotherapy. Programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1), programmed death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) are just part of the intricate network that regulates our immune response to cancer cells. Co-stimulators, such as glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 4 (OX40), and co-repressors, example.g. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3), also take part. As knowledge of the functioning of the immune system grows, so do these pathways to target with new drugs. This review is an overview of the current state of the clinical research, providing a report of ongoing Phase I, II and III clinical trials for localized and metastatic RCC, including novel target therapies, novel immunotherapy agents and new combinations strategies.

Wirbel J, Pyl PT, Kartal E, et al.
Meta-analysis of fecal metagenomes reveals global microbial signatures that are specific for colorectal cancer.
Nat Med. 2019; 25(4):679-689 [PubMed] Related Publications
Association studies have linked microbiome alterations with many human diseases. However, they have not always reported consistent results, thereby necessitating cross-study comparisons. Here, a meta-analysis of eight geographically and technically diverse fecal shotgun metagenomic studies of colorectal cancer (CRC, n = 768), which was controlled for several confounders, identified a core set of 29 species significantly enriched in CRC metagenomes (false discovery rate (FDR) < 1 × 10

Luo C, Cen S, Ding G, Wu W
Mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma: clinical pathology and treatment options.
Cancer Commun (Lond). 2019; 39(1):13 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma is a distinct subtype of colorectal cancer (CRC) characterized by the presence of abundant extracellular mucin which accounts for at least 50% of the tumor volume. Mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma is found in 10%-20% of CRC patients and occurs more commonly in female and younger patients. Moreover, mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma is more frequently located in the proximal colon and diagnosed at an advanced stage. Based on its molecular context, mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma is associated with the overexpression of mucin 2 (MUC2) and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) proteins. At the same time, it shows higher mutation rates in the fundamental genes of the RAS/MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. Mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma also shows higher rates of microsatellite instability (MSI) than non-mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma which might correlate it with Lynch syndrome and the CpG island methylator phenotype. The prognosis of mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma as to non-mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma is debatable. Further, the impaired responses of mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma to palliative or adjuvant chemotherapy warrant more studies to be performed for a specialized treatment for these patients. In this review, we discuss the molecular background and histopathology of mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma, and provide an update on its prognosis and therapeutics from recent literatures.

Lheureux S, Gourley C, Vergote I, Oza AM
Epithelial ovarian cancer.
Lancet. 2019; 393(10177):1240-1253 [PubMed] Related Publications
Epithelial ovarian cancer generally presents at an advanced stage and is the most common cause of gynaecological cancer death. Treatment requires expert multidisciplinary care. Population-based screening has been ineffective, but new approaches for early diagnosis and prevention that leverage molecular genomics are in development. Initial therapy includes surgery and adjuvant therapy. Epithelial ovarian cancer is composed of distinct histological subtypes with unique genomic characteristics, which are improving the precision and effectiveness of therapy, allowing discovery of predictors of response such as mutations in breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2, and homologous recombination deficiency for DNA damage response pathway inhibitors or resistance (cyclin E1). Rapidly evolving techniques to measure genomic changes in tumour and blood allow for assessment of sensitivity and emergence of resistance to therapy, and might be accurate indicators of residual disease. Recurrence is usually incurable, and patient symptom control and quality of life are key considerations at this stage. Treatments for recurrence have to be designed from a patient's perspective and incorporate meaningful measures of benefit. Urgent progress is needed to develop evidence and consensus-based treatment guidelines for each subgroup, and requires close international cooperation in conducting clinical trials through academic research groups such as the Gynecologic Cancer Intergroup.

Kasprzak A, Adamek A
Mucins: the Old, the New and the Promising Factors in Hepatobiliary Carcinogenesis.
Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20(6) [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Mucins are large

Mochizuki K, Kawana S, Yamada S, et al.
Various checkpoint molecules, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in common pediatric solid tumors: Possibilities for novel immunotherapy.
Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2019; 36(1):17-27 [PubMed] Related Publications
Long-term survival rates for pediatric patients with cancer have significantly improved, but novel approaches are desired for those with refractory/relapsed solid tumors. Recently, programed cell death-1/programed cell death-ligand-1 blockade has emerged as an effective option for many intractable cancers. However, not all patients show objective response to such therapy. On the other hand, several other checkpoint pathways, including Herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM)/B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), galectin-9 (GAL9)/T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM3), and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II)/lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3), also regulate immune responses in the tumor microenvironment and may be alternative targets for novel immune therapies. In this study, we examined 65 common pediatric solid tumors and characterized the expression of Herpes virus entry mediator, GAL9, and MHC-II on tumor cells and their corresponding receptors B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator, TIM3, and LAG3, respectively, on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) with immunohistochemistry. Whereas the expression of GAL9 and MHC-II was limited, 73% of rhabdomyosarcomas and 100% of osteosarcomas expressed moderate to high levels of Herpes virus entry mediator on the tumor. TILs were detected in all tumor samples except one osteosarcoma. Interestingly, 45% of rhabdomyosarcomas, and 45% of osteosarcomas expressed moderate to high levels of both Herpes virus entry mediator on the tumor cells and B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator on the TILs. Results showed that a subset of pediatric solid tumors expressed tumor-associated checkpoint molecules, and TILs expressed corresponding receptors for these checkpoint molecules. Thus, immunogenic environments may be created, and checkpoint blockade may induce favorable immune responses.

Wang L, Zhao S, Yu M
Mechanism of Low Expression of miR-30a-5p on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Metastasis in Ovarian Cancer.
DNA Cell Biol. 2019; 38(4):341-351 [PubMed] Related Publications
Metastasis of ovarian cancer is regulated by microRNAs. This study focused on the effects of miR-30a-5p on ovarian cancer migration and invasion. Our results showed that the miR-30a-5p and mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis are closely related to ovarian cancer, and that miR-30a-5p was downregulated in ovarian cancer cells. miR-30a-5p overexpression reduced cell viability and inhibited migration and invasion in HO-8910 and HO-8910PM cells. S phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2), B cell lymphoma 9 (BCL9), and NOTHC1 are direct target genes of miR-30a-5p. MTDH, SKP2, BCL9, and NOTCH1 genes were overexpressed in ovarian cancer cells, and they are direct target genes of miR-30a-5p. miR-30a-5p overexpression inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, while upregulation of SKP2, BCL9, and NOTCH1 gene expression levels reduced the inhibition of EMT process by miR-30a-5p. miR-30a-5p was lowly expressed in ovarian cancer, and such a phenomenon is related to ovarian cancer metastasis. miR-30a-5p might inhibit the migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells by downregulating the expression of SKP2, BCL9, and NOTCH1 genes.

Tian W, Jiang C, Huang Z, et al.
Comprehensive analysis of dysregulated lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs with associated ceRNA network in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Gene. 2019; 696:206-218 [PubMed] Related Publications
Mounting evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in tumor biology. To date, some lncRNAs have been found to be involved in competitive binding of miRNAs, a major group of competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), through participation in a regulatory network of protein-coding gene expression. However, the functional roles of lncRNA-mediated ceRNAs in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) have rarely been reported. Here, we construct a hypothetical ceRNA network by analyzing differential expression of lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs obtained from 96 ESCC tissues and 13 normal tissues in the Cancer Genome Atlas. Ultimately, 95 lncRNAs, 9 miRNAs, and 40 mRNAs were identified (fold change >1.5, P < .05) and included in the ceRNA network for ESCC. Moreover, three lncRNAs (IGF2-AS, MUC2 and SOX2-OT) were found to be significantly associated with overall survival (log-rank test, P < .05), and further experiments revealed that lncRNA DLX6-AS1 knockdown inhibited the proliferation and invasion of esophageal cancer cells by enhancing the endogenous function of mTOR. We believe that the identified ceRNA network can facilitate a better understanding of lncRNA-related mechanisms in ESCC.

Chen X, Li X, Wang X, et al.
MUC16 impacts tumor proliferation and migration through cytoplasmic translocation of P120-catenin in epithelial ovarian cancer cells: an original research.
BMC Cancer. 2019; 19(1):171 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains one of the most lethal gynecologic cancers, and its pathogenetic mechanism remains unclear. Here we show that MUC16 promotes the translocation of p120-catenin (p120ctn) to the cytoplasm and consequently activates ras homolog (Rho) GTPases RhoA/Cdc42 activation to modulate the proliferation and migration abilities of EOC cells.
METHODS: We collect 94 ovarian cancer (OC) patients' tissue samples to constitute tissue microarray (TMA) and analyze the MUC16 and p120ctn expression levels. Lentivirus transfection is used to overexpress cytoplasmic tail domain (CTD) of MUC16 and CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system is firstly used to knock out MUC16 in EOC cells. The proliferation or migration ability of cells is analyzed by MTS or migration assay.
RESULTS: We find that MUC16 and p120ctn are aberrantly overexpressed in 94 clinical OC samples compared with benign ovarian tumors (BOT). MUC16 is a critical inducer of the proliferation and migration of EOC cells and the CTD of MUC16 plays an important role during this process. In addition, we reveal the relationship between MUC16 and p120ctn, which has not previously been studied. We show that MUC16 promotes the translocation of p120ctn to the cytoplasm and consequently activates Rho GTPases to modulate the proliferation and migration abilities of EOC cells. The cell proliferation and migration abilities induced by MUC16 are mediated by p120ctn through RhoA/Cdc42 activation.
CONCLUSIONS: The highly expressed MUC16 promotes the translocation of p120ctn to the cytoplasm, where it activates RhoA/Cdc42 to modulate the proliferation and migration abilities of EOC cells. These findings may provide new targets for the treatment of EOC.

Kojima Y, Tanabe M, Kato I, et al.
Myoepithelioma-like tumor of the vulvar region showing infiltrative growth and harboring only a few estrogen receptor-positive cells: A case report.
Pathol Int. 2019; 69(3):172-176 [PubMed] Related Publications
Recently, a new entity "myoepithelioma-like tumor of the vulvar region (MELTVR)" was proposed as a rare mesenchymal neoplasm arising in vulvar regions of adult women. While MELTVRs morphologically resemble soft tissue myoepitheliomas and extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas, they have a unique immunohistochemical profile (positive for epithelial membrane antigen and estrogen receptor, negative for S100 protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein, and loss of INI1/SMARCB1 expression), and lack EWSR1 and NR4A3 gene rearrangement, as seen by fluorescence in situ hybridization. MELTVRs are usually well-demarcated tumors, with no reports of extensive infiltrative growth. In the current report, we present an unusual case of MELTVR showing infiltrative growth and harboring only a few estrogen receptor-positive cells, which might indicate a variation in this rare tumor.

Quintanilla M, Montero-Montero L, Renart J, Martín-Villar E
Podoplanin in Inflammation and Cancer.
Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20(3) [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Podoplanin is a small cell-surface mucin-like glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in the development of the alveoli, heart, and lymphatic vascular system. Emerging evidence indicates that it is also involved in the control of mammary stem-cell activity and biogenesis of platelets in the bone marrow, and exerts an important function in the immune response. Podoplanin expression is upregulated in different cell types, including fibroblasts, macrophages, T helper cells, and epithelial cells, during inflammation and cancer, where it plays important roles. Podoplanin is implicated in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, promotes inflammation-driven and cancer-associated thrombosis, and stimulates cancer cell invasion and metastasis through a variety of strategies. To accomplish its biological functions, podoplanin must interact with other proteins located in the same cell or in neighbor cells. The binding of podoplanin to its ligands leads to modulation of signaling pathways that regulate proliferation, contractility, migration, epithelial⁻mesenchymal transition, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. In this review, we describe the diverse roles of podoplanin in inflammation and cancer, depict the protein ligands of podoplanin identified so far, and discuss the mechanistic basis for the involvement of podoplanin in all these processes.

LaMonte GM, Orjuela-Sanchez P, Calla J, et al.
Dual RNA-seq identifies human mucosal immunity protein Mucin-13 as a hallmark of Plasmodium exoerythrocytic infection.
Nat Commun. 2019; 10(1):488 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
The exoerythrocytic stage of Plasmodium infection is a critical window for prophylactic intervention. Using genome-wide dual RNA sequencing of flow-sorted infected and uninfected hepatoma cells we show that the human mucosal immunity gene, mucin-13 (MUC13), is strongly upregulated during Plasmodium exoerythrocytic hepatic-stage infection. We confirm MUC13 transcript increases in hepatoma cell lines and primary hepatocytes. In immunofluorescence assays, host MUC13 protein expression distinguishes infected cells from adjacent uninfected cells and shows similar colocalization with parasite biomarkers such as UIS4 and HSP70. We further show that localization patterns are species independent, marking both P. berghei and P. vivax infected cells, and that MUC13 can be used to identify compounds that inhibit parasite replication in hepatocytes. This data provides insights into host-parasite interactions in Plasmodium infection, and demonstrates that a component of host mucosal immunity is reprogrammed during the progression of infection.

Cafri G, Yossef R, Pasetto A, et al.
Memory T cells targeting oncogenic mutations detected in peripheral blood of epithelial cancer patients.
Nat Commun. 2019; 10(1):449 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
T cells targeting shared oncogenic mutations can induce durable tumor regression in epithelial cancer patients. Such T cells can be detected in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, but whether such cells can be detected in the peripheral blood of patients with the common metastatic epithelial cancer patients is unknown. Using a highly sensitive in vitro stimulation and cell enrichment of peripheral memory T cells from six metastatic cancer patients, we identified and isolated CD4

Fei LR, Huang WJ, Wang Y, et al.
PRDM16 functions as a suppressor of lung adenocarcinoma metastasis.
J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2019; 38(1):35 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: The transcription factor PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16) is known to play a significant role in the determination and function of brown and beige fat. However, the role of PRDM16 in tumor biology has not been well addressed. Here we investigated the impact of PRDM16 on tumor growth and metastasis in lung cancer.
METHODS: UALCAN database, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to assess PRDM16 expression in lung cancer patients. Kaplan-Meier plotter database was used to analyze the overall survival of patients with lung cancer stratified by PRDM16 expression. PRDM16 overexpression and knockdown experiments were conducted to assess the effects of PRDM16 on growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo, and its molecular mechanism was investigated in lung adenocarcinoma cells by chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-Seq), real time-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), luciferase assay, xenograft models and rescue experiments.
RESULTS: PRDM16 was downregulated in lung adenocarcinomas, and its expression level correlated with key pathological characteristics and prognoses of lung adenocarcinoma patients. Overexpressing PRDM16 inhibited the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells both in vivo and in vitro by repressing the transcription of Mucin-4 (MUC4), one of the regulators of EMT in lung adenocarcinomas. Furthermore, deleting the PR domain from PRDM16 increased the transcriptional repression of MUC4 by exhibiting significant differences in histone modifications on its promoter.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate a critical interplay between transcriptional and epigenetic modifications during lung adenocarcinoma progression involving EMT of cancer cells and suggest that PRDM16 is a metastasis suppressor and potential therapeutic target for lung adenocarcinomas.

Sikorska J, Gaweł D, Domek H, et al.
Podoplanin (PDPN) affects the invasiveness of thyroid carcinoma cells by inducing ezrin, radixin and moesin (E/R/M) phosphorylation in association with matrix metalloproteinases.
BMC Cancer. 2019; 19(1):85 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Podoplanin (PDPN) is a mucin-type transmembrane glycoprotein specific to the lymphatic system. PDPN expression has been found in various human tumors and is considered to be a marker of cancer. We had previously shown that PDPN expression contributes to carcinogenesis in the TPC1 papillary thyroid cancer-derived cell line by enhancing cell migration and invasiveness. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of PDPN down-regulation in another thyroid cancer-derived cell line: BcPAP.
METHODS: In order to determine the effects of PDPN on malignant features of BcPAP cells (harboring the BRAFV600E mutated allele) and TPC1 cells (carrying the RET/PTC1 rearrangement), we silenced PDPN in these cells using small interfering RNA (siRNA). The efficacy of PDPN silencing was confirmed by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Then, we tested the motility and invasiveness of these cells (using scratch test and Transwell assay), their growth capacities F(cell cycle analysis, viability, clonogenic activity) and apoptosis assays), adhesion-independent colony-formation capacities, as well as the effect of PDPN silencing on MMPs expression and activity (zymography).
RESULTS: We found that PDPN-induced cell phenotype depended on the genetic background of thyroid tumor cells. PDPN down-regulation in BcPAP cells was negatively correlated with the migration and invasion, in contrast to TPC1 cells in which PDPN depletion resulted in enhanced migration and invasiveness. Moreover, our results suggest that in BcPAP cells, PDPN may be involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through regulating the expression of the ezrin, radixin and moesin (E/R/M) proteins, MMPs 9 and MMP2, remodeling of actin cytoskeleton and cellular protrusions. We also demonstrated that PDPN expression is associated with the MAPK signaling pathway. The inhibition of the MAPK pathway resulted in a decreased PDPN expression, increased E/R/M phosphorylation and reduced cell migration. Additionally, PDPN depleted BcPAP cells treated with inhibitors of MEK1/2 kinases (U0126) or of the BRAF V600E protein (PLX4720) had reduced motility, similar to that previously observed in TPC1 cells after PDPN knock-down.
CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, our data suggest that PDPN may play an important role in the control of invasion and migration of papillary thyroid carcinoma cells in association with the E/R/M, MMPs and MAPK kinases.

Hatano Y, Tamada M, Asano N, et al.
High-grade serous ovarian carcinoma with mucinous differentiation: report of a rare and unique case suggesting transition from the "SET" feature of high-grade serous carcinoma to the "STEM" feature.
Diagn Pathol. 2019; 14(1):4 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: High-grade serous carcinoma, a representative high-grade ovarian carcinoma, is believed to be closely associated with a TP53 mutation. Recently, this category of ovarian carcinoma has gained increasing attention owing to the recognition of morphological varieties of TP53-mutated high-grade ovarian carcinoma. Herein, we report the case of a patient with high-grade serous carcinoma with mucinous differentiation.
CASE PRESENTATION: A 59-year-old postmenopausal woman was referred to the gynecologist because of abnormal vaginal bleeding. The radiological assessment revealed an intrapelvic multicystic mass, which was interpreted as an early right ovarian cancer and then removed by radical surgery. Histologically, the cancer cells were found in the bilateral ovaries and para-aortic lymph nodes. The cancer cells showed high-grade nuclear atypia and various morphologies, including the solid, pseudo-endometrioid, transitional cell-like (SET) pattern, and mucin-producing patterns. Benign and/or borderline mucin-producing epithelium, serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma, and endometriosis-related lesions were not observed. In immunohistochemistry analyses, the cancer cells were diffuse positive for p53; block positive for p16; partial positive for WT1, ER, PgR, CDX2 and PAX8; and negative for p40, p63, GATA3, Napsin A, and vimentin. The Ki-67 labeling index of the cancer cells was 60-80%. Direct sequencing revealed that the cancer cells contained a missense mutation (c.730G>A) in the TP53 gene.
CONCLUSION: Mucinous differentiation in high-grade serous carcinoma is a rare and unique ovarian tumor phenotype and it mimics the phenotypes of mucinous or seromucinous carcinoma. To avoid the misdiagnosis, extensive histological and immunohistochemical analyses should be performed when pathologists encounter high-grade mucin-producing ovarian carcinoma. The present case shows that the unusual histological characteristic of high-grade serous carcinoma, the "SET" feature, could be extended to the solid, transitional, endometrioid and mucinous-like (STEM) feature.

Li J, Qi Z, Hu YP, Wang YX
Possible biomarkers for predicting lymph node metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a review.
J Int Med Res. 2019; 47(2):544-556 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common form of cancer worldwide, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a major type of esophageal cancer that arises from epithelial cells of the esophagus. Local lymph node metastasis (LNM) is a typical sign of failure for ESCC clinical treatments, and a link has been established between LNM and the aberrant expression of specific biomarkers. In this review, we summarize what is known about nine factors significantly associated with LNM in ESCC patients: phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), mucin 1, vascular endothelial growth factor-C, tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8), Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein, stathmin (STMN1), metastasis-associated protein 1, caveolin-1, and interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3. The function of these nine proteins involves four major mechanisms: tumor cell proliferation, tumor cell migration and invasion, epithelium-mesenchymal transition, and chemosensitivity. The roles of PTEN, STMN1, and TNFAIP8 involve at least two of these mechanisms, and we suggest that they are possible biomarkers for predicting LNM in ESCC. However, further retrospective research into PTEN, STMN1, and TNFAIP8 is needed to test their possibilities as indicators.

Shukla S, Pandey RK, Kant S, et al.
Detection of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Gene Re-Arrangement in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma in the Indian Population: Comparison of Techniques and Immunohistochemistry Clones.
Turk Patoloji Derg. 2019; 35(1):36-45 [PubMed] Related Publications
OBJECTIVE: Predictive and prognostic markers have revolutionized personalized therapy in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Crizotinib is now approved for locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC that is anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive by either Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or immunohistochemistry (IHC). The current study aimed to detect the incidence of ALK gene re-arrangement in the Indian population, to compare the various IHC antibodies with FISH as a gold standard, and to analyze the morphology of cases with ALK phenotype.
MATERIAL AND METHOD: A case series of 614 cases of NSCLC were included. IHC for detection of ALK phenotype was compared with FISH using 5A4 clone (Labvision, USA), ALK-1(Dako, Denmark) and D5F3 clone (Ventana, USA).
RESULTS: ALK gene rearrangement was evident in 4.07% of the cases. Cases with ALK phenotype had unique histomorphology with presence of mucin or signet ring cells in association with necrosis, high tumour grade and poor differentiation. Comparison of various antibody clones used in IHC revealed that the sensitivity and specificity using the D5F3 clone (100%, 100%) and 5A4 clone (87.5%, 100%) were similar while the ALK-1 clone had the lowest sensitivity and specificity (50%, 95.5%).
CONCLUSION: The incidence of ALK gene rearrangement in NSCLC in the current Indian study is within the worldwide reported range of 3-5%. This is the first study from the Indian subcontinent to compare various IHC antibodies used for detection of ALK phenotype. IHC using D5F3 clone and 5A4 clone may be considered as a rapid reliable and inexpensive method for detection of ALK gene rearrangement.

Lee HK, Kwon MJ, Seo J, et al.
Expression of mucins (MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC6) in ALK-positive lung cancer: Comparison with EGFR-mutated lung cancer.
Pathol Res Pract. 2019; 215(3):459-465 [PubMed] Related Publications
ALK-positive (ALK+) lung adenocarcinoma usually shows a more advanced-staged disease with frequent nodal metastasis and highly aggressive outcomes compared with EGFR-mutated lung cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression profiles of several mucins in ALK + lung cancers to gain insight into the relationship between the more aggressive biological nature of ALK + lung cancers and the role of mucins. We examined the immunohistochemical profiles of mucins MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6 in 19 ALK + lung cancers compared with 42 EGFR-mutated lung cancers. ALK + cancers were found to occur in younger patients and were characterized by a solid-predominant histologic subtype with frequent signet ring cells and peritumoral muciphages. By contrast, EGFR-mutated cancers lacked ALK-specific histological patterns. Although all MUC1 and MUC5AC were expressed in both subtypes, MUC1 expression in ALK + cancers was visualized exclusively through cytoplasmic staining, whereas those in EGFR-mutated cancers were predominantly membranous staining in apical area (92.9%) and focally in cytoplasmic staining (7.1%). MUC5AC expression in ALK + cancers was exclusively visualized through cytoplasmic staining (100%), whereas EGFR-mutated cancers showed predominantly perinuclear dot-like patterns (90.5%) and focal cytoplasmic staining (9.5%). MUC2 and MUC6 expression was not detected in either type of lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The high frequency of both MUC1 and MUC5AC cytoplasmic expression, coupled with a lack of MUC2 and MUC6 expression in ALK + lung cancer may contribute to the biologically aggressive behavior of ALK + cancer. Inhibitors to these types of mucins may thus act as a barrier to cancerous extension reducing their aggressive behavior.

Yun SJ, Lee B, Komori K, et al.
Regulation of TIM-3 expression in a human T cell line by tumor-conditioned media and cyclic AMP-dependent signaling.
Mol Immunol. 2019; 105:224-232 [PubMed] Related Publications
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) expression increases in exhausted T cells, which inhibits T cell function. TIM-3 expression is supposedly up-regulated in tumor-bearing individuals via chronic antigenic stimulation of T cells. Considering the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment, we investigated whether tumor-secreted molecules might enhance TIM-3 expression in Jurkat T cells. We observed that TIM-3 expression was increased by the activation of prostaglandin (PG) E

Liu B, Pan S, Xiao Y, et al.
LINC01296/miR-26a/GALNT3 axis contributes to colorectal cancer progression by regulating O-glycosylated MUC1 via PI3K/AKT pathway.
J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2018; 37(1):316 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) emerging as pivotal marker in the procession of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Abnormal O-glycosylation is a crucial modification during cancer malignancy. The aim of this work is to analyze the alteration of O-glycosylation involved in CRC progression.
METHODS: qRT-PCR is utilized to screen the differential linc01296 expression in CRC tissues and cell lines. Functionally, CRC cell proliferation, aggressiveness and apoptosis are measured through relevant experiments, including CCK8 assay, colony formation assay, transwell assay, western blot and flow cytometry. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and RIP assay confirm the direct interaction between linc01296 and miR-26a. The xenografts and liver metatstatic nude mice models are established to show the inner effect of linc01296.
RESULTS: Differential expression of linc01296 is confirmed and closely correlated with the malignancy of CRC cell lines and poor clinical prognosis. Moreover, alteration of linc01296 affects CRC cell proliferation, metastasis and chemoresistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in vitro. Mechanically, linc01296 acts as a direct target of miR-26a, and thereby influenced CRC malignancy. Our investigation corroborates that linc01296 functions as an endogenous sponge of miR-26a to regulate mucin1 (MUC1) expression, catalyzed by GALNT3, which modulates the activity of PI3K/AKT pathway. Interestingly, upregulated linc01296 promotes the tumorigensis, liver metastasis and chemoresistance of CRC cell lines in vivo.
CONCLUSION: These new findings indicate that linc01296/miR-26a/GALNT3 axis involves in the progression of CRC cells, illuminating the possible mechanism mediated by O-glycosylated MUC1 via PI3K/AKT pathway. This work renders potential diagnostic biomarkers and prospective therapeutic targets for CRC.

Bahreyni A, Alibolandi M, Ramezani M, et al.
A novel MUC1 aptamer-modified PLGA-epirubicin-PβAE-antimir-21 nanocomplex platform for targeted co-delivery of anticancer agents in vitro and in vivo.
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2019; 175:231-238 [PubMed] Related Publications
Conventional chemotherapy suffers from several drawbacks, including toxic side effects together with the development of resistance to the chemical agents. Therefore, exploring alternative therapeutic approaches as well as developing targeted delivery systems are in demand. Oligonucleotide-based therapy has emerged as a promising and alternative procedure for treating malignancies involving gene-related diseases. In the current study, a targeted delivery system was designed to target cancer cells based on two biocompatible polymers of poly (β amino ester) (PβAE) and poly (d, l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). In this system, antimir-21 as an inhibitor of microRNA-21 (miR-21) which is an oncomiR overexpressed in several human cancers was condensed with PβAE polymer and then PLGA was electrostatically deposited on this complex and provided a reservoir for positively charged drug, epirubicin (Epi). At the final stage, MUC1 aptamer as a targeting agent was covalently attached to the nanoparticles for selectively guided therapeutic delivery. The obtained results demonstrated that the fabricated MUC1 aptamer-modified nanocomplex could efficiently be internalized into MCF7 (human breast carcinoma cell) and C26 (murine colon carcinoma cell) cells through interaction between MUC1 aptamer and its receptor on the surfaces of these cell lines and decline cell viability in these cells but not in CHO cells (Chinese hamster ovary cell) as nontarget cells (MUC1 negative cells). The safety of PLGA-Epi-PβAE-antimir-21 nanocomplex and synergetic effect of Epi and antimir-21 in reducing cell viability of target cells were confirmed by treating MCF-7 and CHO cells with nanocomplex and MUC1 aptamer-modified nanocomplex. Moreover, it was demonstrated that MUC1 aptamer-modified nanocomplex could remarkably inhibit tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice compared with Epi alone.

Alaghehbandan R, Ulamec M, Martinek P, et al.
Papillary pattern in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: Clinicopathologic, morphologic, immunohistochemical and molecular genetic analysis of 23 cases.
Ann Diagn Pathol. 2019; 38:80-86 [PubMed] Related Publications
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most common histologic subtype of RCCs, demonstrates a wide spectrum of morphologic features (i.e., low-grade spindle cell, syncytial giant cells, and mucin-producing cells). However, papillary growth pattern in ccRCCs is rather a rare finding, which can present challenges in differential diagnostic work up. The aim of this study was to investigate ccRCCs with predominant papillary features from morphologic, immunohistochemical and molecular genetic perspectives. 23 clear cell renal cell carcinomas with papillary architecture were selected. Tumors were evaluated morphologically, immunohistochemically, and molecularly by next-generation sequencing (NGS). The diagnosis of MiT family translocation RCC was excluded by TFE3 immunohistochemistry. Mean age of patients was 65.2 years (range 42-81 years), and 19/23 were male. Tumor size ranged from 1.6 to 12.8 cm (median 6.5 cm). At a median follow-up of 2.5 years (range 1.5-9 years), 2 patients (8.7%) died of disease, 2 developed metastasis. Areas of papillary pattern accounted for approximately 40-100% of the tumor. CK7 was negative in non-papillary areas in majority of cases (20/23, 87%), and was only focally positive in 3/23 cases (13%). In papillary areas, AMACR was positive/focally positive in 17/23 (73.9%) cases and in the non-papillary areas it was positive/focally positive in 22/23 (95.6%) cases. CAIX was mainly negative in both non-papillary and papillary areas (15/23 [65%] and 16/23 [69.5%], respectively). Molecular analysis of 15 analyzable cases revealed the most frequently mutated gene to be VHL (in 9 cases), followed by PRBM1 (in 2 cases) and 29 other different mutations in various genes. Papillary growth pattern in ccRCC is not an uncommon situation. Papillary RCC with clear cells and MiT family (TFE3) translocation RCCs are the major differential diagnostic considerations in such scenarios. Our NGS molecular analysis supported classifying such tumors as a morphologic variant of ccRCC.

Jing X, Liang H, Hao C, et al.
Overexpression of MUC1 predicts poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer.
Oncol Rep. 2019; 41(2):801-810 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in females; thus, there is an urgent requirement to identify precise biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a glycoprotein that has been demonstrated to be involved in the metastasis and invasion of multiple tumor types. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted to indicate the prognostic value of MUC1 in breast cancer. Additionally, the expression level of MUC1 was assessed using Oncomine analysis. Furthermore, PrognoScan was used to analyze the prognostic value of MUC1 in breast cancer. Mutations of MUC1 were analyzed by the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer and cBioPortal databases. In addition, University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) was used to examine the methylation status of MUC1. Co‑expression of MUC1 mRNA was detected with the cBioPortal, UCSC and Breast Cancer Gene‑Expression Miner v4.0 datasets. The results demonstrated that MCU1 is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer and is negatively associated with CpG sites. Furthermore, pooled data indicated that abnormally high expression of MUC1 indicates poor prognosis. Additionally, upregulation of MUC1 expression is associated with estrogen receptor‑ and progesterone receptor‑positive disease, aging and increased Scarff, Bloom and Richardson grade, but is not associated with triple‑negative and basal‑like status. Subsequent data mining across multiple large databases demonstrated a positive association between MUC1 mRNA expression and cyclic AMP‑responsive element‑binding protein 3‑like 4 (CREB3L4) in breast cancer tissues. The present data indicated that the overexpression of MUC1 indicates a poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer and is associated with MUC1 promoter methylation status. Additionally, MUC1 positively correlated with CREB3L4 and may serve as a potential prognostic factor and therapy target for breast cancer.

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