TENT5C

Gene Summary

Gene:TENT5C; terminal nucleotidyltransferase 5C
Aliases: FAM46C
Location:1p12
Summary:-
Databases:OMIM, HGNC, Ensembl, GeneCard, Gene
Protein:terminal nucleotidyltransferase 5C
Source:NCBIAccessed: 01 September, 2019

Cancer Overview

Research Indicators

Publications Per Year (1994-2019)
Graph generated 01 September 2019 using data from PubMed using criteria.

Literature Analysis

Mouse over the terms for more detail; many indicate links which you can click for dedicated pages about the topic.

  • Stomach Cancer
  • Cancer Gene Expression Regulation
  • Signal Transduction
  • Proteins
  • TENT5B protein, human
  • In Vitro Techniques
  • Catalytic Domain
  • Cell Death
  • Polynucleotide Adenylyltransferase
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Liver Cancer
  • DNA Methylation
  • Paraproteinemias
  • Mutation
  • Gene Expression Regulation
  • Apoptosis
  • TENT5C protein, human
  • Gene Expression
  • Knockout Mice
  • Cell Survival
  • Databases, Genetic
  • FAM46A protein, human
  • Multiple Myeloma
  • Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
  • Gene Expression Profiling
  • Fam46c protein, mouse
  • Messenger RNA
  • Survival Rate
  • RNA Stability
  • B-Lymphocytes
  • Cell Proliferation
  • Chromosome 1
  • Gastrectomy
  • Computational Biology
  • Gene Knockout Techniques
  • Follow-Up Studies
  • Neoplasm Proteins
  • Spleen
  • Gene Knock-In Techniques
  • FAM46D protein, human
Tag cloud generated 01 September, 2019 using data from PubMed, MeSH and CancerIndex

Specific Cancers (3)

Data table showing topics related to specific cancers and associated disorders. Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression.

Note: list is not exhaustive. Number of papers are based on searches of PubMed (click on topic title for arbitrary criteria used).

Latest Publications: TENT5C (cancer-related)

Walker BA, Mavrommatis K, Wardell CP, et al.
Identification of novel mutational drivers reveals oncogene dependencies in multiple myeloma.
Blood. 2018; 132(6):587-597 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Understanding the profile of oncogene and tumor suppressor gene mutations with their interactions and impact on the prognosis of multiple myeloma (MM) can improve the definition of disease subsets and identify pathways important in disease pathobiology. Using integrated genomics of 1273 newly diagnosed patients with MM, we identified 63 driver genes, some of which are novel, including

Ryland GL, Jones K, Chin M, et al.
Novel genomic findings in multiple myeloma identified through routine diagnostic sequencing.
J Clin Pathol. 2018; 71(10):895-899 [PubMed] Related Publications
AIMS: Multiple myeloma is a genomically complex haematological malignancy with many genomic alterations recognised as important in diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic decision making. Here, we provide a summary of genomic findings identified through routine diagnostic next-generation sequencing at our centre.
METHODS: A cohort of 86 patients with multiple myeloma underwent diagnostic sequencing using a custom hybridisation-based panel targeting 104 genes. Sequence variants, genome-wide copy number changes and structural rearrangements were detected using an inhouse-developed bioinformatics pipeline.
RESULTS: At least one mutation was found in 69 (80%) patients. Frequently mutated genes included
CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that many clinically relevant genomic findings remain in multiple myeloma which have not yet been identified through large-scale sequencing efforts, and provide important mechanistic insights into plasma cell pathobiology.

White BS, Lanc I, O'Neal J, et al.
A multiple myeloma-specific capture sequencing platform discovers novel translocations and frequent, risk-associated point mutations in IGLL5.
Blood Cancer J. 2018; 8(3):35 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a disease of copy number variants (CNVs), chromosomal translocations, and single-nucleotide variants (SNVs). To enable integrative studies across these diverse mutation types, we developed a capture-based sequencing platform to detect their occurrence in 465 genes altered in MM and used it to sequence 95 primary tumor-normal pairs to a mean depth of 104×. We detected cases of hyperdiploidy (23%), deletions of 1p (8%), 6q (21%), 8p (17%), 14q (16%), 16q (22%), and 17p (4%), and amplification of 1q (19%). We also detected IGH and MYC translocations near expected frequencies and non-silent SNVs in NRAS (24%), KRAS (21%), FAM46C (17%), TP53 (9%), DIS3 (9%), and BRAF (3%). We discovered frequent mutations in IGLL5 (18%) that were mutually exclusive of RAS mutations and associated with increased risk of disease progression (p = 0.03), suggesting that IGLL5 may be a stratifying biomarker. We identified novel IGLL5/IGH translocations in two samples. We subjected 15 of the pairs to ultra-deep sequencing (1259×) and found that although depth correlated with number of mutations detected (p = 0.001), depth past ~300× added little. The platform provides cost-effective genomic analysis for research and may be useful in individualizing treatment decisions in clinical settings.

Mroczek S, Chlebowska J, Kuliński TM, et al.
The non-canonical poly(A) polymerase FAM46C acts as an onco-suppressor in multiple myeloma.
Nat Commun. 2017; 8(1):619 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
FAM46C is one of the most frequently mutated genes in multiple myeloma. Here, using a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches, we demonstrate that FAM46C encodes an active non-canonical poly(A) polymerase which enhances mRNA stability and gene expression. Reintroduction of active FAM46C into multiple myeloma cell lines, but not its catalytically-inactive mutant, leads to broad polyadenylation and stabilization of mRNAs strongly enriched with those encoding endoplasmic reticulum-targeted proteins and induces cell death. Moreover, silencing of FAM46C in multiple myeloma cells expressing WT protein enhance cell proliferation. Finally, using a FAM46C-FLAG knock-in mouse strain, we show that the FAM46C protein is strongly induced during activation of primary splenocytes and that B lymphocytes isolated from newly generated FAM46C KO mice proliferate faster than those isolated from their WT littermates. Concluding, our data clearly indicate that FAM46C works as an onco-suppressor, with the specificity for B-lymphocyte lineage from which multiple myeloma originates. FAM46C is one of the most frequently mutated genes in multiple myeloma (MM), but its molecular function remains unknown. Here the authors show that FAM46C is a poly(A) polymerase and that loss of function of FAM46C drives multiple myeloma through the destabilisation of ER response transcripts.

Zhu YX, Shi CX, Bruins LA, et al.
Loss of
Cancer Res. 2017; 77(16):4317-4327 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications

Caba O, Irigoyen A, Jimenez-Luna C, et al.
Identification of gene expression profiling associated with erlotinib-related skin toxicity in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2016; 311:113-116 [PubMed] Related Publications
Erlotinib is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor that showed activity against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The drug's most frequently reported side effect as a result of EGFR inhibition is skin rash (SR), a symptom which has been associated with a better therapeutic response to the drug. Gene expression profiling can be used as a tool to predict which patients will develop this important cutaneous manifestation. The aim of the present study was to identify which genes may influence the appearance of SR in PDAC patients. The study included 34 PDAC patients treated with erlotinib: 21 patients developed any grade of SR, while 13 patients did not (controls). Before administering any chemotherapy regimen and the development of SR, we collected RNA from peripheral blood samples of all patients and studied the differential gene expression pattern using the Illumina microarray platform HumanHT-12 v4 Expression BeadChip. Seven genes (FAM46C, IFITM3, GMPR, DENND6B, SELENBP1, NOL10, and SIAH2), involved in different pathways including regulatory, migratory, and signalling processes, were downregulated in PDAC patients with SR. Our results suggest the existence of a gene expression profiling significantly correlated with erlotinib-induced SR in PDAC that could be used as prognostic indicator in this patients.

Tanaka H, Kanda M, Shimizu D, et al.
FAM46C Serves as a Predictor of Hepatic Recurrence in Patients with Resectable Gastric Cancer.
Ann Surg Oncol. 2017; 24(11):3438-3445 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer (GC) relapse can occur even if curative resection is achieved. Biomarkers predicting recurrence are needed to provide appropriate postoperative surveillance and perioperative therapeutic strategy.
METHODS: A global expression profiling was performed using tissues from GC patients with synchronous liver-confined metastasis. Family with sequence similarity 46, member C (FAM46C), was identified as a candidate biomarker. mRNA expression analysis, direct nucleotide sequencing, bisulfite sequencing and copy number assays for FAM46C were performed with eleven GC cell lines. Expression levels of FAM46C in primary GC tissues from 129 patients who underwent curative GC resection were determined and correlated with clinicopathological factors, including postoperative outcome.
RESULTS: Levels of FAM46C mRNA differed among GC cell lines. Point mutations in FAM46C were detected in five GC cell lines accompanied with reduced FAM46C transcription. No hypermethylation was found in the promoter region of FAM46C. Copy number alterations were found in six GC cell lines with differing FAM46C transcription levels. Reduced FAM46C mRNA expression levels were detected in 117 (91 %) GC specimens compared with adjacent noncancerous tissues. Low FAM46C expression levels were significantly associated with larger macroscopic GC tumor sizes. The low FAM46C expression group was likely to have shorter disease-free survival than the high group and low FAM46C level was identified as an independent risk factor for recurrence after curative resection. FAM46C expression levels were low in all cases that were later found to have hepatic recurrence.
CONCLUSIONS: Reduced GC expression of FAM46C is a potential biomarker to predict hepatic recurrence after curative gastrectomy.

Kuchta K, Muszewska A, Knizewski L, et al.
FAM46 proteins are novel eukaryotic non-canonical poly(A) polymerases.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2016; 44(8):3534-48 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
FAM46 proteins, encoded in all known animal genomes, belong to the nucleotidyltransferase (NTase) fold superfamily. All four human FAM46 paralogs (FAM46A, FAM46B, FAM46C, FAM46D) are thought to be involved in several diseases, with FAM46C reported as a causal driver of multiple myeloma; however, their exact functions remain unknown. By using a combination of various bioinformatics analyses (e.g. domain architecture, cellular localization) and exhaustive literature and database searches (e.g. expression profiles, protein interactors), we classified FAM46 proteins as active non-canonical poly(A) polymerases, which modify cytosolic and/or nuclear RNA 3' ends. These proteins may thus regulate gene expression and probably play a critical role during cell differentiation. A detailed analysis of sequence and structure diversity of known NTases possessing PAP/OAS1 SBD domain, combined with state-of-the-art comparative modelling, allowed us to identify potential active site residues responsible for catalysis and substrate binding. We also explored the role of single point mutations found in human cancers and propose that FAM46 genes may be involved in the development of other major malignancies including lung, colorectal, hepatocellular, head and neck, urothelial, endometrial and renal papillary carcinomas and melanoma. Identification of these novel enzymes taking part in RNA metabolism in eukaryotes may guide their further functional studies.

Walker BA, Boyle EM, Wardell CP, et al.
Mutational Spectrum, Copy Number Changes, and Outcome: Results of a Sequencing Study of Patients With Newly Diagnosed Myeloma.
J Clin Oncol. 2015; 33(33):3911-20 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
PURPOSE: At the molecular level, myeloma is characterized by copy number abnormalities and recurrent translocations into the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. Novel methods, such as massively parallel sequencing, have begun to describe the pattern of tumor-acquired mutations, but their clinical relevance has yet to be established.
METHODS: We performed whole-exome sequencing for 463 patients who presented with myeloma and were enrolled onto the National Cancer Research Institute Myeloma XI trial, for whom complete molecular cytogenetic and clinical outcome data were available.
RESULTS: We identified 15 significantly mutated genes: IRF4, KRAS, NRAS, MAX, HIST1H1E, RB1, EGR1, TP53, TRAF3, FAM46C, DIS3, BRAF, LTB, CYLD, and FGFR3. The mutational spectrum is dominated by mutations in the RAS (43%) and nuclear factor-κB (17%) pathways, but although they are prognostically neutral, they could be targeted therapeutically. Mutations in CCND1 and DNA repair pathway alterations (TP53, ATM, ATR, and ZNFHX4 mutations) are associated with a negative impact on survival. In contrast, those in IRF4 and EGR1 are associated with a favorable overall survival. We combined these novel mutation risk factors with the recurrent molecular adverse features and international staging system to generate an international staging system mutation score that can identify a high-risk population of patients who experience relapse and die prematurely.
CONCLUSION: We have refined our understanding of genetic events in myeloma and identified clinically relevant mutations that may be used to better stratify patients at presentation.

Chesi M, Bergsagel PL
Advances in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of multiple myeloma.
Int J Lab Hematol. 2015; 37 Suppl 1:108-14 [PubMed] Related Publications
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a tumor of indolent, bone marrow (BM) localized, isotype-switched plasma cells. Recently, the diagnostic criteria have been amended to include some patients who would previously have been diagnosed with ultra-high-risk smoldering MM and benefit from immediate treatment. Genetically it can be divided into tumors with different recurrent immunoglobulin heavy chain gene translocations (4p16, 11q13, 6p21, 16q23, 20q11) and tumors characterized by hyperdiploidy with multiple trisomies. Recent genomic studies have shown that almost half of untreated patients have a genetic rearrangements of the MYC locus that result in juxtaposition of ectopic super-enhancers adjacent to MYC, as well as somatic mutations that activate the RAS/MAPK pathway (NRAS, KRAS, BRAF, FGFR3). Mutations that result in constitutive activation of the NFkB pathway and that inactivate TP53, CDKN2C, KDM6A, FAM46C, and DIS3 are also recurrent. A major insight from these studies has been the recognition of the high degree of subclonal heterogeneity in MM, which is more frequent in patients with high-risk genetics. The subclones may alternate in dominance under alternating therapeutic pressure, a phenomenon known as 'clonal tides'. The identification of marked subclonal heterogeneity argues in those patients for the use of therapeutic strategies to maximize response, and long-term suppressive therapies to prevent tumor regrowth and development of additional subclones.

Kortüm KM, Langer C, Monge J, et al.
Longitudinal analysis of 25 sequential sample-pairs using a custom multiple myeloma mutation sequencing panel (M(3)P).
Ann Hematol. 2015; 94(7):1205-11 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Recent advances in genomic sequencing technologies now allow results from deep next-generation sequencing to be obtained within clinically meaningful timeframes, making this an attractive approach to better guide personalized treatment strategies. No multiple myeloma-specific gene panel has been established so far; we therefore designed a 47-gene-targeting gene panel, containing 39 genes known to be mutated in ≥3 % of multiple myeloma cases and eight genes in pathways therapeutically targeted in multiple myeloma (MM). We performed targeted sequencing on tumor/germline DNA of 25 MM patients in which we also had a sequential sample post treatment. Mutation analysis revealed KRAS as the most commonly mutated gene (36 % in each time point), followed by NRAS (20 and 16 %), TP53 (16 and 16 %), DIS3 (16 and 16 %), FAM46C (12 and 16 %), and SP140 (12 and 12 %). We successfully tracked clonal evolution and identified mutation acquisition and/or loss in FAM46C, FAT1, KRAS, NRAS, SPEN, PRDM1, NEB, and TP53 as well as two mutations in XBP1, a gene associated with bortezomib resistance. Thus, we present the first longitudinal analysis of a MM-specific targeted sequencing gene panel that can be used for individual tumor characterization and for tracking clonal evolution over time.

Kortüm KM, Langer C, Monge J, et al.
Targeted sequencing using a 47 gene multiple myeloma mutation panel (M(3) P) in -17p high risk disease.
Br J Haematol. 2015; 168(4):507-10 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
We constructed a multiple myeloma (MM)-specific gene panel for targeted sequencing and investigated 72 untreated high-risk (del17p) MM patients. Mutations were identified in 78% of the patients. While the majority of studied genes were mutated at similar frequency to published literature, the prevalence of TP53 mutation was increased (28%) and no mutations were found in FAM46C. This study provides a comprehensive insight into the mutational landscape of del17p high-risk MM. Additionally, our work demonstrates the practical use of a customized sequencing panel, as an easy, cheap and fast approach to characterize the mutational profile of MM.

Affer M, Chesi M, Chen WG, et al.
Promiscuous MYC locus rearrangements hijack enhancers but mostly super-enhancers to dysregulate MYC expression in multiple myeloma.
Leukemia. 2014; 28(8):1725-1735 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
MYC locus rearrangements-often complex combinations of translocations, insertions, deletions and inversions-in multiple myeloma (MM) were thought to be a late progression event, which often did not involve immunoglobulin genes. Yet, germinal center activation of MYC expression has been reported to cause progression to MM in an MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance)-prone mouse strain. Although previously detected in 16% of MM, we find MYC rearrangements in nearly 50% of MM, including smoldering MM, and they are heterogeneous in some cases. Rearrangements reposition MYC near a limited number of genes associated with conventional enhancers, but mostly with super-enhancers (e.g., IGH, IGL, IGK, NSMCE2, TXNDC5, FAM46C, FOXO3, IGJ, PRDM1). MYC rearrangements are associated with a significant increase of MYC expression that is monoallelic, but MM tumors lacking a rearrangement have biallelic MYC expression at significantly higher levels than in MGUS. We also have shown that germinal center activation of MYC does not cause MM in a mouse strain that rarely develops spontaneous MGUS. It appears that increased MYC expression at the MGUS/MM transition usually is biallelic, but sometimes can be monoallelic if there is an MYC rearrangement. Our data suggest that MYC rearrangements, regardless of when they occur during MM pathogenesis, provide one event that contributes to tumor autonomy.

Lohr JG, Stojanov P, Carter SL, et al.
Widespread genetic heterogeneity in multiple myeloma: implications for targeted therapy.
Cancer Cell. 2014; 25(1):91-101 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
We performed massively parallel sequencing of paired tumor/normal samples from 203 multiple myeloma (MM) patients and identified significantly mutated genes and copy number alterations and discovered putative tumor suppressor genes by determining homozygous deletions and loss of heterozygosity. We observed frequent mutations in KRAS (particularly in previously treated patients), NRAS, BRAF, FAM46C, TP53, and DIS3 (particularly in nonhyperdiploid MM). Mutations were often present in subclonal populations, and multiple mutations within the same pathway (e.g., KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF) were observed in the same patient. In vitro modeling predicts only partial treatment efficacy of targeting subclonal mutations, and even growth promotion of nonmutated subclones in some cases. These results emphasize the importance of heterogeneity analysis for treatment decisions.

Boyd KD, Ross FM, Walker BA, et al.
Mapping of chromosome 1p deletions in myeloma identifies FAM46C at 1p12 and CDKN2C at 1p32.3 as being genes in regions associated with adverse survival.
Clin Cancer Res. 2011; 17(24):7776-84 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
PURPOSE: Regions on 1p with recurrent deletions in presenting myeloma patients were examined with the purpose of defining the deletions and assessing their survival impact.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Gene mapping, gene expression, FISH, and mutation analyses were conducted on patient samples from the MRC Myeloma IX trial and correlated with clinical outcome data.
RESULTS: 1p32.3 was deleted in 11% of cases, and deletion was strongly associated with impaired overall survival (OS) in patients treated with autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). In patients treated less intensively, del(1)(p32.3) was not associated with adverse progression-free survival (PFS) or OS. The target of homozygous deletions was CDKN2C, however its role in the adverse outcome of cases with hemizygous deletion was less certain. 1p22.1-21.2 was the most frequently deleted region and contained the candidate genes MTF2 and TMED5. No mutations were identified in these genes. 1p12 was deleted in 19% of cases, and deletion was associated with impaired OS in univariate analysis. The target of homozygous deletion was FAM46C, which was mutated in 3.4% of cases. When cases with FAM46C deletion or mutation were considered together, they were strongly associated with impaired OS in the intensive treatment setting.
CONCLUSION: Deletion of 1p32.3 and 1p12 was associated with impaired OS in myeloma patients receiving ASCT. FAM46C was identified as a gene with potential pathogenic and prognostic significance based on the occurrence of recurrent homozygous deletions and mutations.

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Cite this page: Cotterill SJ. FAM46C, Cancer Genetics Web: http://www.cancer-genetics.org/FAM46C.htm Accessed:

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