CD276

Gene Summary

Gene:CD276; CD276 molecule
Aliases: B7H3, B7-H3, B7RP-2, 4Ig-B7-H3
Location:15q24.1
Summary:The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, and thought to participate in the regulation of T-cell-mediated immune response. Studies show that while the transcript of this gene is ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues and solid tumors, the protein is preferentially expressed only in tumor tissues. Additionally, it was observed that the 3' UTR of this transcript contains a target site for miR29 microRNA, and there is an inverse correlation between the expression of this protein and miR29 levels, suggesting regulation of expression of this gene product by miR29. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2011]
Databases:OMIM, HGNC, Ensembl, GeneCard, Gene
Protein:CD276 antigen
Source:NCBIAccessed: 31 August, 2019

Ontology:

What does this gene/protein do?
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Pathways:What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in?
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Cancer Overview

Research Indicators

Publications Per Year (1994-2019)
Graph generated 31 August 2019 using data from PubMed using criteria.

Literature Analysis

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Tag cloud generated 31 August, 2019 using data from PubMed, MeSH and CancerIndex

Latest Publications: CD276 (cancer-related)

Xiao Y, Li H, Yang LL, et al.
The Expression Patterns and Associated Clinical Parameters of Human Endogenous Retrovirus-H Long Terminal Repeat-Associating Protein 2 and Transmembrane and Immunoglobulin Domain Containing 2 in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Dis Markers. 2019; 2019:5421985 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Human endogenous retrovirus-H long terminal repeat-associating protein 2 (HHLA2) and transmembrane and immunoglobulin domain containing 2 (TMIGD2) are new immune checkpoint molecules of the B7:CD28 family; however, little research has been performed on these immune checkpoint molecules. In this study, we used oral squamous cells carcinoma (OSCC) tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry methods to investigate the expression patterns of HHLA2 and TMIGD2 in OSCC. After comparing the HHLA2 and TMIGD2 expression levels in OSCC, dysplasia, and mucosa, we found increased HHLA2 expression in OSCC and dysplasia, while the TMIGD2 expression was decreased in OSCC and dysplasia. Using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test, we found that higher HHLA2 or TMIGD2 expression levels in OSCC indicate poor prognosis. Furthermore, two-tailed Pearson's statistical analysis revealed that the HHLA2 expression levels in OSCC, dysplasia, and mucosa were positively correlated with the T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM3), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3), B7 homolog 3 protein (B7-H3), B7 homolog 4 protein (B7H4), and V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) levels, while the TMIGD2 expression levels in OSCC, dysplasia, and mucosa were inversely correlated with the TIM3, LAG3, and B7H3 levels. Our current study demonstrates that HHLA2 may serve as an immune target for OSCC therapy and that the TMIGD2 expression level in OSCC could forecast patient prognosis.

Toffalori C, Zito L, Gambacorta V, et al.
Immune signature drives leukemia escape and relapse after hematopoietic cell transplantation.
Nat Med. 2019; 25(4):603-611 [PubMed] Related Publications
Transplantation of hematopoietic cells from a healthy individual (allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT)) demonstrates that adoptive immunotherapy can cure blood cancers: still, post-transplantation relapses remain frequent. To explain their drivers, we analyzed the genomic and gene expression profiles of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts purified from patients at serial time-points during their disease history. We identified a transcriptional signature specific for post-transplantation relapses and highly enriched in immune-related processes, including T cell costimulation and antigen presentation. In two independent patient cohorts we confirmed the deregulation of multiple costimulatory ligands on AML blasts at post-transplantation relapse (PD-L1, B7-H3, CD80, PVRL2), mirrored by concomitant changes in circulating donor T cells. Likewise, we documented the frequent loss of surface expression of HLA-DR, -DQ and -DP on leukemia cells, due to downregulation of the HLA class II regulator CIITA. We show that loss of HLA class II expression and upregulation of inhibitory checkpoint molecules represent alternative modalities to abolish AML recognition from donor-derived T cells, and can be counteracted by interferon-γ or checkpoint blockade, respectively. Our results demonstrate that the deregulation of pathways involved in T cell-mediated allorecognition is a distinctive feature and driver of AML relapses after allo-HCT, which can be rapidly translated into personalized therapies.

Guo L, Liu Z, Zhang Y, et al.
Association of increased B7 protein expression by infiltrating immune cells with progression of gastric carcinogenesis.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2019; 98(8):e14663 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
B7 negative costimulatory molecules are a group of molecules associated with the occurrence, development, and therapy of cancers. Here, we aimed to determine the clinical significance of PD-L1, B7-H3, and B7-H4 and their expression in CD8 and CD68 positive cells at different stages of gastric carcinogenesis.We detected PD-L1, B7-H3, B7-H4, CD8, and CD68 expression in samples by immunohistochemical staining of 62 chronic superficial gastritis (CSG) samples, 72 chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) samples, 68 low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LIN) samples, 65 high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HIN) samples obtained from gastroscopic biopsies and 50 gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) samples obtained from surgical resections. Then we statistically analyzed the expression differences and correlations.Our results indicated that B7 and CD68 expression on infiltrating immune cells was associated with disease progression. However, infiltration of CD8+ cells decreased with disease progression. B7-H3 expression was markedly enhanced at neoplasia and GA stages. B7-H3 in tumor cells was negatively correlated with CD8-expressing cells. Conversely, B7-H3 expression in tumor-infiltrating immune cells was positively correlated with CD68-expressing cells. B7-H4 expression was found in the cell membrane at the stages of gastritis and low-grade neoplasia and was gradually expressed in the cytoplasm at high-grade neoplasia and GA stages. High B7-H4 expression in infiltrating immune cells was also significantly associated with lower CD8-positive and higher CD68-positive cell densities.Increased B7 protein expression by infiltrating immune cells was associated with disease progression, and specifically, the level of B7-H3 expression and localization of B7-H4 expression differed significantly among different stages of gastric carcinogenesis.

Zhao J, Meng Z, Xie C, et al.
B7-H3 is regulated by BRD4 and promotes TLR4 expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2019; 108:84-91 [PubMed] Related Publications
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. PDAC is resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy which leads to the poor prognosis of PDAC patients and a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. Exploring the mechanism of the pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis is the key to finding a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. B7-H3 belongs to the B7 family of immunoregulatory proteins, and the overexpression of B7-H3 is found in various types of cancer. The regulation of B7-H3 expression in pancreatic cancer is still unclear. Here, we showed that B7-H3 acted as a negative prognostic biomarker in PDAC and promoted cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Next, we applied the drug screening method to identify bromodomain and extra-terminal motif (BET) inhibitors that decreased the protein and mRNA levels of B7-H3 in pancreatic cancer cells. Moreover, we verified that BRD4 was responsible for regulating the expression of B7-H3 at the transcriptional level. Finally, our data indicated that the BRD4/B7-H3 axis modulated the expression of TLR4 in pancreatic cancer cells. Taken together, our results elucidated the regulation of B7-H3 expression in pancreatic cancer and uncovered the importance of BRD4/B7-H3/TLR4 pathway. The targeting of B7-H3 by the BET inhibitors may be a novel therapeutic strategy to overcome the immunotherapy and chemotherapy resistance in pancreatic cancer.

Kim GE, Kim NI, Park MH, Lee JS
B7-H3 and B7-H4 expression in phyllodes tumors of the breast detected by RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry: Association with clinicopathological features and T-cell infiltration.
Tumour Biol. 2018; 40(11):1010428318815032 [PubMed] Related Publications
Phyllodes tumors are rare biphasic breast tumors with the potential for both local recurrence and distant metastasis. The aberrant expression of B7-H3 and B7-H4 B7 molecules could be potential targets for future development of immunotherapeutic approaches. This work was undertaken to evaluate the expression of B7-H3 and B7-H4 in phyllodes tumors and assess the association with the grade and clinical behavior of phyllodes tumors. In addition, the roles of B7-H3 and B7-H4 in the regulation of tumor immune surveillance were evaluated by assessing the relationship between B7-H3/B7-H4 expression and T-cell infiltration. The messenger RNA and protein expression of B7-H3/B7-H4 were determined by RNAscope in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively, in 101 phyllodes tumors (60 benign, 26 borderline, and 15 malignant) using a tissue microarray. Immunohistochemistry for CD3 and CD8 was also performed. B7-H3 messenger RNA and protein appeared to be concentrated mainly in the stromal compartment of phyllodes tumors. However, B7-H4 messenger RNA and protein were undetectable in the stromal compartment of phyllodes tumors. Stromal B7-H3 messenger RNA and protein expression were noted in 10 (16.7%) and 31 (51.7%) of 60 benign phyllodes tumors, 12 (46.1%) and 20 (76.9%) of 26 borderline phyllodes tumors, and 10 (66.7%) and 13 (86.7%) of 15 malignant phyllodes tumors, respectively. Stromal B7-H3 messenger RNA and protein expression increased as phyllodes tumors progressed from benign to borderline and finally to the malignant grade (Pearson's R = 0.411, p < 0.001 and Pearson's R = 0.293, p = 0.003, respectively). The recurrence rate was higher in the stromal B7-H3 messenger RNA or protein-positive group than in the negative group, but this difference was not significant. Stromal B7-H3 protein expression inversely correlated with the densities of CD3

Pizon M, Schott DS, Pachmann U, Pachmann K
B7-H3 on circulating epithelial tumor cells correlates with the proliferation marker, Ki-67, and may be associated with the aggressiveness of tumors in breast cancer patients.
Int J Oncol. 2018; 53(5):2289-2299 [PubMed] Related Publications
Circulating epithelial tumor cells (CETCs) in peripheral blood are a prerequisite for the development of metastases. B7-H3 is an important immune checkpoint member of the B7 family and inhibits T-cell mediated antitumor immunity. Its expression is associated with a negative prognosis and a poor clinical outcome. Based on the clinical success of inhibitory immune checkpoint blockade, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against B7-H3 appear to be a promising therapeutic strategy. The proliferation biomarker, Ki-67, is used as a prognostic factor for breast cancer and reflects the proliferative potential of the tumor. In order to better understand the role of B7-H3 and Ki-67 in cancer development, in this study, we used a real-time biopsy for determining both biomarkers on CETCs in breast cancer patients. Blood from 50 patients suffering from breast cancer was analyzed for CETCs and the expression of B7-H3 and Ki-67 using the maintrac® method. B7-H3 expression on CETCs was found in 82% of the patients. The frequency of B7-H3- and Ki-67‑positive CETCs was significantly higher in patients who had received radiation therapy compared to patients who had not received irradiation. B7-H3‑positive CETCs seemed to be more aggressive as the percentage of B7-H3‑positive CETCs correlated with the percentage of cells positive for the proliferation marker, Ki-67 (r=0.72 P<0.001). A significant association between the Ki-67 and B7-H3 expression level on the CETCs and nodal status was observed. On the whole, the findings of this study indicate that breast cancer patients have detectable CETCs with a high frequency of B7-H3 expression regardless of the stage of the disease. B7-H3 seems to be an important factor in immune evasion and may thus be a promising target for anticancer therapies. Radiation may lead to an upregulation of B7-H3 expression on CETCs, which could be a possible mechanism of acquired radio-resistance.

Zheng S, Luo X, Dong C, et al.
A B7-CD28 family based signature demonstrates significantly different prognoses and tumor immune landscapes in lung adenocarcinoma.
Int J Cancer. 2018; 143(10):2592-2601 [PubMed] Related Publications
B7 family ligands and CD28 family receptors have complicated interaction for modulating immune functions. They play a central role in response to immunotherapy and outcome of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Thus, we analyzed B7-CD28 family gene expression profiles in LUAD and generated a signature to predict prognosis and immune host status. B7-CD28 family gene expression profiles and clinical data of LUAD from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed. In the training cohort, prognostic association was assessed and then a prognostic signature was built with stepwise multivariable Cox analysis. The signature was validated by Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox analysis in several published gene expression datasets and a Fudan University cohort. Expression of immune cell populations and other immunotherapy predictors was further investigated. In TCGA LUAD cohort, eight B7-CD28 family genes had prognostic association with p values <0.05. Stepwise regression generated a gene signature including two genes, CD28 and CD276. Signature high-risk cases had worse overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in three published gene expression datasets and a Fudan University validation cohort. The B7-CD28 family based signature also significantly stratified OS and DFS in important clinical subsets, including stage I-II and EGFR mutant subsets. Signature high- and low-risk tumor had significantly different expressions of PD-L1 and tumor infiltrating leukocytes. The B7-CD28 family based signature demonstrates significantly different prognoses and tumor immune landscapes in LUAD. Whether it could serve as potential biomarkers for immunotherapy needs further investigation.

Zhang T, Wang F, Wu JY, et al.
Clinical correlation of B7-H3 and B3GALT4 with the prognosis of colorectal cancer.
World J Gastroenterol. 2018; 24(31):3538-3546 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
AIM: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of B7 homolog 3 (B7-H3) and β-1,3-galactosyltransferase-4 (B3GALT4) in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients.
METHODS: Using tissue microarray, we identified the expression of B7-H3 and B3GALT4 in 223 CRC patient samples by immunohistochemistry and evaluated the possible correlation between B7-H3 and B3GALT4 and clinical outcomes. Further, the mRNA and protein expression were identified to establish the regulatory relationship of B7-H3 with B3GALT4
RESULTS: A significant positive correlation between B7-H3 and B3GALT4 was observed in CRC specimens (
CONCLUSION: The expression of B3GALT4 in CRC is positively correlated with B7-H3 expression

Scilla KA, Zandberg DP, Bentzen SM, et al.
Case-control study of PD-1, PD-L1 and B7-H3 expression in lung cancer patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
Lung Cancer. 2018; 123:87-90 [PubMed] Related Publications
OBJECTIVE: Co-signaling molecules PD-L1, B7-H3, and PD-1 play a key role in cancer immunology. There are limited but emerging data on expression of these molecules in HIV-infected lung cancer patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed archived lung cancer tissue samples from HIV-infected cases (n = 13) and HIV-uninfected controls (n = 13) from 2001-2015. Cases and controls were matched by histology and stage. Immunostained tumor sections were analyzed for percent of tumor cells expressing PD-L1 and B7-H3, and percent of tumor infiltrating immune cells (TII) expressing PD-1 and PD-L1. Positive expression was defined as >5%. Statistical analysis was performed using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test and the chi-square test.
RESULTS: PD-L1 expression on tumor cells was positive in 23% of cases and 46% of controls. B7-H3 expression on tumor cells was positive in 92% of cases and 69% of controls. PD-1 expression on TII was positive in 69% of cases and 54% of controls. PD-L1 expression on TII was positive in 31% of cases and 69% of controls. B7-H3 percent expression on tumor cells was significantly higher in cases vs. controls (median 90% vs 20%, p = 0.005), but there were no significant differences in percent expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells, PD-1 on TII or PD-L1 on TII.
CONCLUSION: HIV-infected lung cancer patients had significantly higher B7-H3 tumor expression compared to HIV-uninfected controls, with similar rates of tumor PD-L1 expression, as well as PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on TII. These results support inclusion of HIV-infected lung cancer patients in future immunotherapy trials.

Wang Z, Wang Z, Zhang C, et al.
Genetic and clinical characterization of B7-H3 (CD276) expression and epigenetic regulation in diffuse brain glioma.
Cancer Sci. 2018; 109(9):2697-2705 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Gliomas are the most common malignant tumors of the brain. Immune checkpoints have been increasingly emphasized as targets for treating malignant tumors. B7-H3 has been identified as an immune checkpoint that shows potential value for targeting therapies. We set out to characterize the expression pattern and biological function of B7-H3 in brain gliomas using high-throughput data obtained from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) projects. B7-H3 was upregulated more in higher-grade gliomas than that in lower-grade gliomas in both CGGA and TCGA datasets. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation seemed to exert significant influence on B7-H3 expression in gliomas but led to quite different results between grade II gliomas and higher-grade gliomas. In addition to IDH, methylation of B7-H3 promoter and microRNA-29 family also showed a potential regulatory effect on B7-H3 expression. Gene ontology analysis revealed that B7-H3 was associated with mitotic cell cycle, cell proliferation and immune response. Further investigation suggested that B7-H3 was mostly involved in the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Survival analysis indicated that B7-H3 was an independent unfavorable prognosticator for glioma patients in both CGGA and TCGA datasets. B7-H3 expression is regulated by multiple mechanisms and is potentially involved in the T-cell receptor signaling pathway. Higher B7-H3 expression indicates a worse prognosis for glioma patients, which warrants further research into the development of inhibitors for targeting this immune checkpoint, but we still need to be cautious about immune checkpoint inhibition for central nervous system tumors.

Zuo J, Wang B, Long M, et al.
The type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein B7-H3 interacts with the glycolytic enzyme ENO1 to promote malignancy and glycolysis in HeLa cells.
FEBS Lett. 2018; 592(14):2476-2488 [PubMed] Related Publications
The role of the type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein B7-H3 is controversial in tumorigenesis; thus, a better clarification of its involvement in cancer is crucial. In the present study, 79.3% of cervical cancer samples were found to be B7-H3 positive and the expression of B7-H3 was positively correlated with the clinical features of the samples. Silencing B7-H3 using small interfering RNA or blocking it with intracellular ScFv attenuated the malignancy of HeLa cells. By pull-down assay and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in HeLa cells, the glycolytic enzyme ENO1 was found to interact with B7-H3. Subsequently, the involvement of B7-H3 in glycolysis was investigated. We observed decreases in the levels of ATP and lactate, as well as c-Myc and lactate dehydrogenase A, upon B7-H3 downregulation in HeLa cells. The results of the present study provide evidence for B7-H3 mediating tumor glycolysis.

Wu J, Wang F, Liu X, et al.
Correlation of IDH1 and B7H3 expression with prognosis of CRC patients.
Eur J Surg Oncol. 2018; 44(8):1254-1260 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND: B7H3 is an immuno-stimulatory glycoprotein that is overexpressed in cancer. However, its functional contributions to cancer development and progression are not well understood. In several reports, it was demonstrated that B7H3 reprograms lipid metabolism and regulates glucose metabolism. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), a metabolic enzyme in the TCA cycle, its reaction product is involved in lipid synthesis. Thus, we aimed to identify a novel marker to predict the prognosis of CRC patients and to investigate the relationship between IDH1 and B7H3.
METHODS: We analyzed IDH1 and B7H3 expression levels in 225 CRC specimens by immunochemistry. Moreover, in vitro studies were performed to demonstrate the correlation between IDH1 and B7H3.
RESULTS: Among 225 tissues, the positive rates of IDH1 and B7H3 were 37.8% (85/225) and 87.6% (197/225), respectively. In CRC samples, IDH1 significantly correlated with B7H3 expression (P = 0.044). Moreover, multivariate analyses revealed that high expression of both B7H3 and IDH1 and a high tumor grade were related to the prognosis of CRC patients. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that patients with co-expression of IDH1 and B7H3 had a poor overall survival. In SW480B7H3-EGFP cells, which highly express B7H3, IDH1 was up-regulated. Similarly, knockdown of B7H3 expression in Caco-2-shB7-H3 contributed to reduced IDH1 levels.
CONCLUSIONS: Although IDH1 and B7H3 cannot be used as independent prognostic factors, co-expression of IDH1 and B7H3 significantly correlated with the prognosis of CRC patients and may serve as a combined predictive marker. Thus, the correlation between IDH1 and B7H3 has been proven in vivo and in vitro.

Wu H, Deng WW, Yang LL, et al.
Expression and phosphorylation of Stathmin 1 indicate poor survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and associate with immune suppression.
Biomark Med. 2018; 12(7):759-769 [PubMed] Related Publications
AIM: Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of Stathmin 1 and Serine 38 phospho-Stathmin 1 (p-Stathmin 1
RESULTS: Stathmin 1 and p-Stathmin 1
CONCLUSION: We found expression of Stathmin 1 and p-Stathmin 1

Li H, Yang LL, Xiao Y, et al.
Overexpression of Golgi Phosphoprotein 2 Is Associated With Poor Prognosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Am J Clin Pathol. 2018; 150(1):74-83 [PubMed] Related Publications
Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the relationship between Golgi phosphoprotein 2 (GOLPH2) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and explore the clinical significance of GOLPH2 in OSCC.
Methods: Tissue microarrays from human OSCC samples were stained for GOLPH2 expression and clinicopathologic features. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to compare the survival of patients with high GOLPH2 expression and patients with low GOLPH2 expression.
Results: We found GOLPH2 is highly expressed in OSCC tissue, and the GOLPH2 expression in metastatic lymph nodes is higher than in tumor tissue. Our data indicate that patients with higher GOLPH2 expression have poor overall survival compared with those with lower GOLPH2 expression. This study demonstrated that GOLPH2 was associated with CD44, SOX2, Slug, B7-H3, B7-H4, TIM3, and VISTA.
Conclusions: These findings suggest GOLPH2 is a potential marker for estimating the patient's prognosis and may be a target for molecular-targeted therapy against OSCC.

Vidak M, Jovcevska I, Samec N, et al.
Meta-Analysis and Experimental Validation Identified FREM2 and SPRY1 as New Glioblastoma Marker Candidates.
Int J Mol Sci. 2018; 19(5) [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive brain malignancy. Although some potential glioblastoma biomarkers have already been identified, there is a lack of cell membrane-bound biomarkers capable of distinguishing brain tissue from glioblastoma and/or glioblastoma stem cells (GSC), which are responsible for the rapid post-operative tumor reoccurrence. In order to find new GB/GSC marker candidates that would be cell surface proteins (CSP), we have performed meta-analysis of genome-scale mRNA expression data from three data repositories (GEO, ArrayExpress and GLIOMASdb). The search yielded ten appropriate datasets, and three (GSE4290/GDS1962, GSE23806/GDS3885, and GLIOMASdb) were used for selection of new GB/GSC marker candidates, while the other seven (GSE4412/GDS1975, GSE4412/GDS1976, E-GEOD-52009, E-GEOD-68848, E-GEOD-16011, E-GEOD-4536, and E-GEOD-74571) were used for bioinformatic validation. The selection identified four new CSP-encoding candidate genes—

Wang S, Mou J, Cui L, et al.
Astragaloside IV inhibits cell proliferation of colorectal cancer cell lines through down-regulation of B7-H3.
Biomed Pharmacother. 2018; 102:1037-1044 [PubMed] Related Publications
Astragaloside IV showed a pivotal anti-cancer efficacy in multiple types of cancers and reversed chemoresistance in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, it remained unknown whether and how Astragaloside IV suppressed the progression of CRC. In the present study, we found that Astragaloside IV treatment significantly and dose-dependently reduced cell proliferation of CRC cell lines (SW620 and HCT116), whereas it showed no significant influence on the cell proliferation of normal colonic cells (FHC). Flow cytometry (FCM) analysis indicated that there was a significant cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase of SW620 cells and HCT116 cells which were treated with Astragaloside IV. The mRNA levels and protein levels of several key cell cycle relative proteins (cyclin D1 and CDK4) were also dramatically decreased during the process of G0/G1 arrest after the administration of Astragaloside IV. In addition, we observed an obvious decrease of B7-H3 protein level upon Astragaloside IV treatment, which was a result of mRNA reduction that was verified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and CHX chase. We further identified that Astragaloside IV suppressed B7-H3 expression by elevating the expression of miR-29c level. Inhibition of miR-29c could dramatically reverse Astragaloside IV-induced B7-H3 decrease and cell growth arrest. This study suggests that Astragaloside IV is a promising anti-cancer drug in CRC.

Tang YC, Zhang Y, Zhou J, et al.
Ginsenoside Rg3 targets cancer stem cells and tumor angiogenesis to inhibit colorectal cancer progression in vivo.
Int J Oncol. 2018; 52(1):127-138 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Anti-angiogenic therapy has been successfully applied to treat colorectal cancer (CRC). Ginsenoside Rg3, derived from the Chinese herb ginseng, has anti-vascularization effects and can inhibit tumor growth and metastasis, and can sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether Rg3 could be appropriate for CRC treatment. Growth of CRC cells was assessed by an MTT (methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium) assay in vitro and using orthotopic xenograft models in vivo. mRNA expression was evaluated using real-time PCR. Protein levels were tested by western blotting, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Migration was determined using a wound-healing assay. Stemness was further confirmed using a plate clone formation assay. We found that Rg3 repressed the growth and stemness of CRC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Rg3 also impaired the migration of CRC cells in vitro. Rg3 downregulated the expressions of angiogenesis-related genes, and repressed the vascularization of CRC xenografts. In addition, Rg3 strengthened the cytotoxicity of 5-Fluorouracil and oxaliplatin against orthotopic xenografts in vivo. Moreover, Rg3 downregulated the expressions of B7-H1 and B7-H3, high expressions of which were associated with reduced overall survival (OS) of CRC patients. Hence, Rg3 not only repressed the growth and stemness of CRC cells, but could also remodel the tumor microenvironment through repressing angiogenesis and promoting antitumor immunity. Therefore, Rg3 could be a novel therapeutic for the CRC treatment.

Burugu S, Dancsok AR, Nielsen TO
Emerging targets in cancer immunotherapy.
Semin Cancer Biol. 2018; 52(Pt 2):39-52 [PubMed] Related Publications
The first generation of immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1) targeted natural immune homeostasis pathways, co-opted by cancers, to drive anti-tumor immune responses. These agents led to unprecedented results in patients with previously incurable metastatic disease and may become first-line therapies for some advanced cancers. However, these agents are efficacious in only a minority of patients. Newer strategies are becoming available that target additional immunomodulatory mechanisms to activate patients' own anti-tumor immune responses. Herein, we present a succinct summary of emerging immune targets with reported pre-clinical efficacy that have progressed to active investigation in clinical trials. These emerging targets include co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory markers of the innate and adaptive immune system. In this review, we discuss: 1) T lymphocyte markers: Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 [LAG-3], T-cell Immunoglobulin- and Mucin-domain-containing molecule 3 [TIM-3], V-domain containing Ig Suppressor of T cell Activation [VISTA], T cell ImmunoGlobulin and ITIM domain [TIGIT], B7-H3, Inducible T-cell Co-stimulator [ICOS/ICOS-L], CD27/CD70, and Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor [GITR]; 2) macrophage markers: CD47/Signal-Regulatory Protein alpha [SIRPα] and Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase [IDO]; and 3) natural killer cell markers: CD94/NKG2A and the Killer Immunoglobulin-like receptor [KIR] family. Finally, we briefly highlight combination strategies and potential biomarkers of response and resistance to these cancer immunotherapies.

Tan WQ, Chen G, Ye M, Jia B
Artemether Regulates Chemosensitivity to Doxorubicin via Regulation of B7-H3 in Human Neuroblastoma Cells.
Med Sci Monit. 2017; 23:4252-4259 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND Artemether, originally used for malaria, exhibits potential therapeutic efficacy against several types of cancer, including gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and gliomas. In this study, we investigated the role and mechanism of artemether on drug resistance of neuroblastoma cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cell viability and proliferation were determined by CCK-8 and EdU incorporation assay, respectively. Gene expression was measured by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Our results revealed that artemether treatment remarkably inhibited the proliferation of neuroblastoma cell lines SH-SY5Y, SK-N-SH, and SK-N-BE2. In addition, co-treatment of tumor cells with artemether and doxorubicin significantly reduced cell viability and DNA synthesis compared with doxorubicin-treated cells. On the molecular level, we found that combined treatment with artemether and doxorubicin suppressed the expression of B7-H3 both at the mRNA and protein levels. In addition, artemether failed to sensitize tumor cells to doxorubicin in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing B7-H3. CONCLUSIONS Artemether-mediated inhibition of B7-H3 may contribute to doxorubicin sensitivity in neuroblastoma cells, suggesting that artemether could serve as a potential therapeutic option for neuroblastoma.

Zhang J, Liu L, Han S, et al.
B7-H3 is related to tumor progression in ovarian cancer.
Oncol Rep. 2017; 38(4):2426-2434 [PubMed] Related Publications
B7-H3, a co-stimulatory molecule, has been found expressed in ovarian cancer, but its role and mechanism is not clear. In this study, we further verified the expression of B7-H3 in ovarian carcinoma and normal epithelial ovarian tissues. Three ovarian cancer cell lines, A2780, SKOV3 and HO8910 were selected to explore the effects of B7-H3 on proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion. We found that B7-H3 was mainly located in the cytoplasm of ovarian cancer cells as determined by immunofluorescence staining. The ability of cell invasion, migration, proliferation decreased after silencing B7-H3 whereas the apoptosis increased, which was related to the upregulation of Bax, caspase-8, cleaved caspase-8 and the downregulation of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) by western blotting. In addition, B7-H3 enhanced the H08910 cell capacities in invasion, migration and proliferation. Expression of the phosphorylation signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pStat3) molecules and their upstream molecules phosphorylation Janus kinase 2 (pJak2) were significantly increased. In order to investigate whether B7-H3 plays a role in this pathway, we treated the overexpressed HO8910 cells with AG490 (inhibitors of Jak2). Our findings revealed that B7-H3 affect ovarian cancer progression through the Jak2/Stat3 pathway, indicating that B7-H3 has the potential to be a useful prognostic marker.

Zhang P, Chen Z, Ning K, et al.
Inhibition of B7-H3 reverses oxaliplatin resistance in human colorectal cancer cells.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017; 490(3):1132-1138 [PubMed] Related Publications
B7-H3, an immunoregulatory protein, has been found highly expressed in several cancer types, and involved in cancer cell migration and invasion. Here, we investigated the role of B7-H3 in oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Transient silencing of B7-H3 enhanced oxaliplatin sensitivity by increasing oxaliplatin-induced DNA damage. The overexpression of B7-H3 increased oxaliplatin resistance reducing the formation of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) loci. The silencing of X-ray repair cross complementing group 1 (XRCC1), upregulated in B7-H3 overexpressing cells, induced an increase in cell death following oxaliplatin treatment. Finally, the upregulation of XRCC1 expression induced by B7-H3 involved PI3K-AKT pathway. In conclusion, B7-H3 promotes the oxaliplatin resistance in CRC cells upregulating the expression of XRCC1 via PI3K-AKT pathway.

Li Y, Zhang J, Han S, et al.
B7-H3 promotes the proliferation, migration and invasiveness of cervical cancer cells and is an indicator of poor prognosis.
Oncol Rep. 2017; 38(2):1043-1050 [PubMed] Related Publications
B7-H3 is an immune regulatory molecule whose aberrant expression in tumors is associated with adverse outcomes. Upregulation of B7-H3 may promote tumor cell proliferation and metastasis in vitro, but the role of B7-H3 in cervical cancer has not yet been investigated. We measured B7-H3 expression in 90 cervical cancer patient and 20 non‑cervical lesion patient tissues using immunohistochemistry and in 30 cervical cancer patient and 30 healthy donor blood samples using ELISA. The association of B7-H3 expression and the prognosis of cervical cancer patients was investigated. B7-H3 knockdown in CaSki and SiHa cell lines was performed using small hairpin (sh)RNA lentiviral transfection and B7-H3 overexpression in CaSki and HeLa cell lines was performed using plasmid-vector lentivirus transduction. Cell proliferation, invasion and migration were then measured using MTT and Transwell assays in vitro. B7-H3 expression was significantly higher in the cervical cancer tissues compared to that noted in the normal cervical tissues (mean 72.22 vs. 15.00%; p<0.001). Using Kaplan‑Meier and Cox analyses, our data revealed that patients with strong intensity staining were significantly more likely to have a worse prognosis. The B7-H3 level in cervical cancer patient blood was significantly higher than that in the normal donors (13.41±6.12 vs. 9.90±3.16 ng/ml; p=0.007). MTT assay revealed that high expression of B7-H3 promoted cervical cancer cell proliferation. Transwell assay data revealed that high expression of B7-H3 enhanced cervical cancer cell migration and invasion (CaSki, p=0.003; HeLa, p=0.03). In conclusion, expression of B7-H3 was significantly higher in cervical cancer tissues compared to normal cervical tissues, and this high expression was associated with worse prognosis for cervical cancer patients. In addition, B7-H3 promoted proliferation, invasion and migration of cervical cancer and may be a potential target for treating cervical cancer.

Altan M, Pelekanou V, Schalper KA, et al.
B7-H3 Expression in NSCLC and Its Association with B7-H4, PD-L1 and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes.
Clin Cancer Res. 2017; 23(17):5202-5209 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications

Kim JY, Lee E, Park K, et al.
Immune signature of metastatic breast cancer: Identifying predictive markers of immunotherapy response.
Oncotarget. 2017; 8(29):47400-47411 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
In breast cancer (BC), up to 10-20% patients were known to have clinical benefit with immune checkpoint inhibitors, and biomarkers are needed for optimal use of this multi-potential therapeutic strategy. Accordingly, we conducted an experiment to identify expression of genes associated with immune checkpoints that represent potential targets of cancer immunotherapy. We performed whole-transcriptome sequencing and whole-exome sequencing using 37 refractory BC specimens. In the immune pathway gene set expression analysis, we found that HER2 expression and previous taxane treatment were positively correlated with high expression of immune gene set expression (p = 0.070 and 0.008, respectively). The nine genes associated with immune checkpoints - PDCD1(PD-1), CD274(PD-L1), CD276(B7-H3), CTLA-4, IDO1, LAG3, VTCN1, HAVCR2, and TNFRSF4(OX40) - interacted with each other. In addition, HER2 expression also affected the expression levels of these genes (p = 0.044). Lastly, expression of immune checkpoint genes and tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes were positively correlated in metastatic BCs (p < 0.001). In conclusion, we suggest that HER2 expression and previous taxane treatment are potential surrogate markers for high expression of immune checkpoint genes and immune pathway gene sets. Further study of the BC immune signature with large-scale, translational data sets is warranted.

Flem-Karlsen K, Tekle C, Andersson Y, et al.
Immunoregulatory protein B7-H3 promotes growth and decreases sensitivity to therapy in metastatic melanoma cells.
Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2017; 30(5):467-476 [PubMed] Related Publications
B7-H3 (CD276) belongs to the B7 family of immunoregulatory proteins and has been implicated in cancer progression and metastasis. In this study, we found that metastatic melanoma cells with knockdown expression of B7-H3 showed modest decrease in proliferation and glycolytic capacity and were more sensitive to dacarbazine (DTIC) chemotherapy and small-molecule inhibitors targeting MAP kinase (MAPK) and AKT/mTOR pathways: vemurafenib (PLX4032; BRAF inhibitor), binimetinib (MEK-162; MEK inhibitor), everolimus (RAD001; mTOR inhibitor), and triciribidine (API-2; AKT inhibitor). Similar effects were observed in melanoma cells in the presence of an inhibitory B7-H3 monoclonal antibody, while the opposite was seen in B7-H3-overexpressing cells. Further, combining B7-H3 inhibition with small-molecule inhibitors resulted in significantly increased antiproliferative effect in melanoma cells, as well as in BRAF

He CS, Liu YC, Xu ZP, et al.
Astragaloside IV Enhances Cisplatin Chemosensitivity in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Through Inhibition of B7-H3.
Cell Physiol Biochem. 2016; 40(5):1221-1229 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Chemoresistance is a major obstacle to successful chemotherapy for human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Astragaloside IV, the component of Astragalus membranaceus, has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammation, anti-cancer and immunoregulatory properties. In the present study, we investigated the role of astragaloside IV in the chemoresistance to cisplatin in NSCLC cells.
METHODS: We established astragaloside IV-suppressed NSCLC cell lines including A549, HCC827, and NCI-H1299 and evaluated their sensitivity to cisplatin in vitro. In addition, we examined the mRNA and protein levels of B7-H3 in response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
RESULTS: We showed that high doses of astragaloside IV (10, 20, 40 ng/ml) inhibited NSCLC cell growth, whereas low concentrations of astragaloside IV (1, 2.5, 5 ng/ml) had no obvious cytotoxicity on cell viability. Moreover, combined treatment with astragaloside IV significantly increased chemosensitivity to cisplatin in NSCLC cells. On the molecular level, astragaloside IV co-treatment significantly inhibited the mRNA and protein levels of B7-H3 in the presence of cisplatin. In addition, ectopic expression of B7-H3 diminished the sensitization role of astragaloside IV in cellular responses to cisplatin in NSCLC cells.
CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that astragaloside IV enhances chemosensitivity to cisplatin via inhibition of B7-H3 and that treatment with astragaloside IV and inhibition of B7-H3 serve as potential therapeutic approach for lung cancer patients.

Luo D, Xiao H, Dong J, et al.
B7-H3 regulates lipid metabolism of lung cancer through SREBP1-mediated expression of FASN.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017; 482(4):1246-1251 [PubMed] Related Publications
B7-H3 is a glycoprotein overexpressed in cancer, but its functional contribution in this setting remains poorly understood. In the present study, we identified that the overexpression of B7-H3 in lung cancer resulted in aberrant lipid metabolism via SREBP-1/FASN signaling pathway. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarrays revealed that approximately 80.4% (37/46) of lung cancer tissues were positive for B7-H3 accompanying poor prognosis. Notably, Oil red O staining and total triglyceride assay exhibited that down-regulation of B7-H3 decreased lipid synthesis in lung cancer A549 and H446 cell lines. Mechanistic investigations showed that B7-H3 modulated the expression of FASN, a fatty acid synthase, specifically. Furthermore, deletion of B7-H3 down-regulated the mRNA and protein levels of SREBP-1, a transcription factor governing the expression of FASN. Finally, correlation analysis between expression levels of B7-H3 and FASN exhibited a positive correlation in clinical lung cancer tissues. Overall, we conclude that B7-H3 hijacks SREBP-1/FASN signaling mediating abnormal lipid metabolism in lung cancer. Our finding provides new insights into the function and mechanism of B7-H3 in the development of lung cancer.

Liu CL, Zang XX, Huang H, et al.
The expression of B7-H3 and B7-H4 in human gallbladder carcinoma and their clinical implications.
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2016; 20(21):4466-4473 [PubMed] Related Publications
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of B7-H3 and B7-H4 and their clinical implications in human gallbladder carcinoma.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: The expression of B7-H3 and B7-H4 in the 252 samples (126 cases of chronic cholecystitis and 126 cases of gallbladder cancer) was detected by the streptavidin-peroxidase immunohistochemical method, and their associations with tumor classification, clinical grade, and recurrence were assessed.
RESULTS: In chronic cholecystitis tissue, B7-H3 and B7-H4 were not detected. In 126 cases of gallbladder carcinoma, the positive rates of B7-H3 and B7-H4 expression were 66.67% and 69.05% respectively (p < 0.05). The positive rate of B7-H3 in the primary-onset group was 53.57%, and that in recurrence group was 92.86% (p < 0.05). The positive rate of B7-H4 in the primary-onset group was 85.19%, and that in recurrence group was 40.00% (p < 0.05). Expression of B7-H3 was consistent with B7-H4 expression in gallbladder carcinoma.
CONCLUSIONS: B7-H3 and B7-H4 were up-regulated in gallbladder cancer; the high expression of B7-H3 may contribute to the early diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma and the assessment of postoperative survival and recurrence. B7-H4 may play an important role in the incidence of gallbladder cancer. B7-H3 and B7-H4 may play a synergetic role in gallbladder carcinoma. Combined tests were available for the diagnosis, degree assessment and prognosis of gallbladder carcinoma, which may be a new target for molecular targeted therapy of gallbladder carcinoma.

Benzon B, Zhao SG, Haffner MC, et al.
Correlation of B7-H3 with androgen receptor, immune pathways and poor outcome in prostate cancer: an expression-based analysis.
Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2017; 20(1):28-35 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: B7-H3 (CD276), part of the B7 superfamily of immune checkpoint molecules, has been shown to have an immunomodulatory role. Its regulation, receptor and mechanism of action remain unclear. B7-H3 protein expression correlates with prostate cancer outcomes, and humanized monoclonal antibodies (that is, enoblituzumab) are currently being investigated for therapeutic use. Here we used genomic expression data to examine the relationship between B7-H3 mRNA expression and prostate cancer.
METHODS: Prostatectomy tissue from 2781 patients were profiled using the Affymetrix HuEx 1.0 ST microarray. Pairwise comparisons were used to identify significant associations between B7-H3 expression and clinicopathologic variables, and survival analyses were used to evaluate the prognostic significance of B7-H3. Pearson's correlation analyses were performed to assess the relationship of B7-H3 expression with molecular subtypes and individual transcripts. Androgen receptor (AR) occupancy at the B7-H3 locus was determined using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and androgen-dependent expression changes in B7-H3 was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR in LNCaP cell lines. Oncomine was queried to evaluate B7-H3 expression in metastatic disease.
RESULTS: B7-H3 mRNA expression was positively associated with higher Gleason score (P<0.001), tumor stage (P<0.001), and castrate resistant metastatic disease (P<0.0001). High B7-H3 expression correlated with the development of metastasis and prostate cancer specific mortality, but this was not significant on multi-variable analysis. B7-H3 expression correlated with ERG-positive disease (r=0.99) and AR expression (r=0.36). ChIP revealed an AR-binding site upstream of B7-H3, and the presence of androgens decreased B7-H3 expression in LNCaP suggesting potential direct AR regulation. Gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated an association of B7-H3 with androgen signaling as well as immune regulatory pathways.
CONCLUSIONS: Higher B7-H3 expression correlates with Gleason grade, prostate cancer stage and poor oncologic outcomes in prostatectomy cohorts. B7-H3 expression appears to be related to androgen signaling as well as the immune reactome.

Chen L, Xie Q, Wang Z, et al.
Assessment of combined expression of B7-H3 and B7-H4 as prognostic marker in esophageal cancer patients.
Oncotarget. 2016; 7(47):77237-77243 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
The co-stimulatory ligands of B7-family have been confirmed to play an important role in negatively regulating the T-cell mediated anti-tumor immunity. In addition, these inhibitory molecules are also aberrantly expressed on various human cancers tissues, and significantly associated with cancer progression and patients' poor prognoses. We have previously reported that B7-H3 and B7-H4 ligands are highly expressed in human esophageal cancer tissues. Herein, we tried to further analyze the value of their combined expression on prognostic prediction for esophageal cancer patients. We found that the combined expression of both B7-H3 and B7-H4 could be used as a valuable risk factor for predicting the prognosis of esophageal cancer patients (P=0.003). Moreover the status of these patients with high expression of both B7-H3 and B7-H4, was positively and significantly associated with the tumor invasion depth (P=0.0414) and TNM stage (P=0.0414). The Cox multivariate proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that the tumor size (P=0.007), the TNM stage (P=0.024) and the status of both B7-H3 and B7-H4 high expression (P=0.011), could be used as an independent risk factor for predicting patients' postoperative prognosis, respectively. In conclusion, our data indicated that the combined application of B7-H3 and B7-H4 expression can be effectively used as a prognostic marker in esophageal cancer patients.

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