CD69

Gene Summary

Gene:CD69; CD69 molecule
Aliases: AIM, EA1, MLR-3, CLEC2C, GP32/28, BL-AC/P26
Location:12p13.31
Summary:This gene encodes a member of the calcium dependent lectin superfamily of type II transmembrane receptors. Expression of the encoded protein is induced upon activation of T lymphocytes, and may play a role in proliferation. Furthermore, the protein may act to transmit signals in natural killer cells and platelets. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]
Databases:OMIM, HGNC, Ensembl, GeneCard, Gene
Protein:early activation antigen CD69
Source:NCBIAccessed: 31 August, 2019

Ontology:

What does this gene/protein do?
Show (5)

Cancer Overview

Research Indicators

Publications Per Year (1994-2019)
Graph generated 31 August 2019 using data from PubMed using criteria.

Literature Analysis

Mouse over the terms for more detail; many indicate links which you can click for dedicated pages about the topic.

  • Receptors, Chemokine
  • NF-kappa B
  • Monoclonal Antibodies
  • Cultured Cells
  • Mutation
  • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
  • Signal Transduction
  • Lectins, C-Type
  • Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
  • CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes
  • Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia
  • ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
  • Flow Cytometry
  • Chromosome 12
  • CD Antigens
  • Leukocytes, Mononuclear
  • Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
  • Cancer Gene Expression Regulation
  • Disease Models, Animal
  • Leukemic Gene Expression Regulation
  • Cell Proliferation
  • Immunophenotyping
  • Messenger RNA
  • Immunologic Memory
  • Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte
  • B7-H1 Antigen
  • Cytokines
  • Apoptosis
  • RTPCR
  • T-Lymphocytes
  • Gene Expression
  • Viral Matrix Proteins
  • Biomarkers
  • Breast Cancer
  • Gene Expression Profiling
  • Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating
  • CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
  • Transfection
  • Cluster Analysis
  • Natural Killer Cells
  • Lymphocyte Activation
Tag cloud generated 31 August, 2019 using data from PubMed, MeSH and CancerIndex

Specific Cancers (4)

Data table showing topics related to specific cancers and associated disorders. Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression.

Note: list is not exhaustive. Number of papers are based on searches of PubMed (click on topic title for arbitrary criteria used).

Latest Publications: CD69 (cancer-related)

Sun S, Hu Z, Huang S, et al.
REG4 is an indicator for KRAS mutant lung adenocarcinoma with TTF-1 low expression.
J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2019; 145(9):2273-2283 [PubMed] Related Publications
OBJECTIVES: Recent research has classified lung adenocarcinoma patients with KRAS mutation into three subtypes by co-occurring genetic events in TP53 (KP subgroup), STK11/LKB1 (KL subgroup) and CDKN2A/B inactivation plus TTF-1 low expression (KC subgroup). The aim of this study was to identify valuable biomarkers by searching the candidate molecules that contribute to lung adenocarcinoma pathogenesis, especially KC subtype.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the publicly available database and identified the candidate REG4 using the E-GEOD-31210 dataset, and then confirmed by TCGA dataset. In addition, an independent cohort of 55 clinical samples was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Functional studies and RNA sequencing were performed after silencing the REG4 expression.
RESULTS: REG4, an important regulator of gastro-intestinal carcinogenesis, was highly expressed in KRAS mutant lung adenocarcinoma with low expression of TTF-1 (KC subtype). The results were validated both by gene expression analysis and immunohistochemistry study in an independent 55 clinical samples from Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center. Further in vitro and in vivo functional assays revealed silencing REG4 expression significantly reduces cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Moreover, RNA sequencing and GSEA analysis displayed that REG4 knockdown might induce cell cycle arrest by regulating G2/M checkpoint and E2F targets.
CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that REG4 plays an important role in KRAS-driven lung cancer pathogenesis and is a novel biomarker of lung adenocarcinoma subtype. Future studies are required to clarify the underlying mechanisms of REG4 in the division and proliferation of KC tumors and its potential therapeutic value.

Ye H, Zhu W, Mei L, Lu Z
Prognostic and clinicopathologic significance of MicroRNA-125a-5p in cancers: A meta-analysis.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2019; 98(31):e16685 [PubMed] Related Publications
The aim of the study was to estimate the prognostic and clinicopathologic significance of miR-125a-5p in human cancers. Eligible studies were obtained from PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Combined hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs) were used to evaluate the prognostic and clinicopathologic value of miR-125a-5p. In pan-cancer, high miR-125a-5p expression was associated with better overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.459, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.369-0.57, P < .001), and disease-free survival (HR = 0.343, 95% CI: 0.237-0.496, P < .001). Furthermore, favorable OS was also found in lung cancer (HR = 0.343, 95% CI: 0.228-0.517, P < .001) and gastric cancer (HR = 0.341, 95% CI: 0.160-0.725, P = .005) patients with high miR-125a-5p expression. Besides, high miR-125a-5p expression was correlated with early stage (OR = 0.413, 95% CI: 0.228-0.749, P = .004) and negative lymph node metastasis (OR = 0.262, 95% CI: 0.073-0.941, P = .04) in gastric cancer, and was linked with better tumor differentiation in pan-cancer (OR = 1.623, 95% CI: 1.064-2.476, P = .025) and lung cancer (OR = 2.371, 95% CI: 1.358-4.141, P = .002). In conclusion, miR-125a-5p is a tumor suppressor with prognostic and clinicopathologic values for human cancer, and miR-125a-5p overexpression predicted favorable prognosis, early stage, negative lymph node metastasis, and better tumor differentiation. More research should be conducted to test these results.

Taniwaki S, Hisaka T, Sakai H, et al.
Sarcomatous Component in Pancreatic Adenosquamous Carcinoma: A Clinicopathological Series of 7 Cases.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4575-4580 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the clinicopathological features of pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma (PASC).
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Our study included seven patients who underwent resection of PASC.
RESULTS: PASC is characterized by large tumors and strong infiltration into the major blood vessels and other organs, forcing many patients to undergo extended resections. In addition, all patients experienced liver metastasis recurrence following surgery, with a very poor prognosis. Histopathologically, a poorly differentiated sarcomatous component existed in all patients in addition to an adenocarcinoma component and squamous carcinoma component. Although P40 staining for the sarcomatous component was positive along with squamous carcinoma, E-cadherin expression disappeared while vimentin was expressed. It has been suggested that it is highly likely that these sarcomatous components are derived from squamous carcinoma and have an impact on prognosis.
CONCLUSION: The sarcomatous component may be related to the biological malignancy of PASC.

Fukuoka E, Yamashita K, Tanaka T, et al.
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Increases PD-L1 Expression and CD8
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4539-4548 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate PD-L1 expression and its association with prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil and cisplatin, NAC-FP).
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using a database of 69 ESCC patients, we analyzed PD-L1 expression on tumor cells (TCs) and immune cells (ICs), as well as the density of CD8
RESULTS: The fraction of ESCC containing ICs expressing PD-L1 and having a high CD8
CONCLUSION: NAC-FP induced PD-L1 expression on ICs and CD8

Morisaki T, Kubo M, Umebayashi M, et al.
Usefulness of the nCounter Analysis System to Monitor Immune-related Biomarkers in PBMCs During Anti-PD-1 Therapy.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4517-4523 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have dramatically changed the clinical outcomes of advanced tumours. However, biomarkers for monitoring immunological features during immunotherapy remain unclear, especially those in the peripheral blood, which are easily available. This study evaluated the usefulness of nCounter Analysis System in identifying immunological biomarkers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) during ICI therapy.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: PBMCs from two patients who responded well to ICI therapy were used, and the expression levels of immune-related mRNA and extracellular proteins were analyzed.
RESULTS: Changes in the expression levels of 55 genes from pre-treatment to on-treatment were bioinformatically similar between the two cases. The expression levels of PD-1 were consistent with those by flow cytometry analysis, a reliable tool for monitoring various markers.
CONCLUSION: The nCounter Analysis System may be a potent tool to simultaneously investigate genes and proteins on PBMCs as biomarkers during immunotherapy using a small amount of sample.

Okuda T, Fujita M, Kato A
Significance of Elevated HMGB1 Expression in Pituitary Apoplexy.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4491-4494 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear DNA-binding protein that exerts a range of proinflammatory actions when it is secreted extracellularly. We hypothesized that HMGB1 released from damaged cells in pituitary apoplexy would exacerbate the neurological symptoms due to acute inflammation.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: All the patients included in this study suffered from non-functioning pituitary adenoma. Four patients with apoplexy and three patients without apoplexy were included in this study. They underwent endonasal transsphenoidal endoscopic surgery to resect the tumors. We conducted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure HMGB1 in the surgical specimens.
RESULTS: Patients with apoplexy expressed HMGB1 at significantly higher levels than those in the non-apoplexy group (p=0.0478).
CONCLUSION: HMGB1 may be involved in subacute inflammation of pituitary apoplexy. Further work is needed to elucidate the detailed biological significance of HMGB1 in this disease.

Akashi M, Hisaka T, Sakai H, et al.
Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm of the Pancreas.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4485-4490 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) has a variety of histological and morphological appearances. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been considered to be associated with tumor progression or poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular basis of IPMN variation in different types of lesions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of MMP-1,2,7,9 in 51 cases of IPMN were investigated. The MMP score was calculated as the sum of the score of staining distribution and the score of the intensity staining.
RESULTS: MMP scores were correlated with histological grade, histological subtype, and type of invasion. MMP high expression groups (MMP score ≥5) had worse prognosis than low-expression groups.
CONCLUSION: MMP expression varied between different types of IPMN, a result supporting differences in molecular basis of malignancies. These considerations may be helpful for optimal management or treatment according to various types of IPMN.

Amisaki M, Yagyu T, Uchinaka EI, et al.
Prognostic Value of DEPDC1 Expression in Tumor and Non-tumor Tissue of Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4423-4430 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: To evaluate the impact of DEPDC1 expression on patient prognosis after hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed data from 75 patients who underwent hepatic resection for HCC between 2004 and 2013. Recurrence at 2 years following resection, which mainly included metastatic recurrence, was defined as late recurrence.
RESULTS: DEPDC1 was up-regulated in HCC tissue and in non-tumor tissue of patients with HCC compared to normal liver (p<0.01 and p<0.01, respectively). High expression of DEPDC1 was associated with poor overall, disease-specific, and disease-free survival (p=0.02, p<0.01, and p<0.01, respectively). High DEPDC1 expression was an independent predictor of death and recurrence (p=0.03 and p<0.01, respectively). High expression of DEPDC1 in non-tumor liver was an independent risk factor for late recurrence (p=0.04).
CONCLUSION: High expression of DEPDC1 in tumor tissue appears to be associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis.

Ashizawa N, Shimizu H, Sudo M, et al.
Clinical Significance of NADPH Oxidase 5 in Human Colon Cancer.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4405-4410 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: Recent studies have reported the involvement of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) in tumor progression. However, the role of NOX5 in colon cancer is unclear. We examined the clinical significance of NOX5 expression in colon cancer.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: NOX5 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 119 patients with stage II or III colon cancer, and the relationship between NOX5 expression and clinicopathological data was analyzed.
RESULTS: Of all tissues, 39.5% were negative and 60.5% were positive for NOX5 expression. Positive expression was significantly associated with undifferentiated histology (p=0.037) and lymph node metastasis (p=0.023). The 5-year progression-free survival rate of NOX5-positive patients was significantly worse than that of NOX5-negative patients (p=0.046). The rates of local recurrence observed in NOX5-positive patients were higher than that in NOX5-negative patients.
CONCLUSION: NOX5 expression may be related to poor prognostic factors and could be useful as a prognostic biomarker.

Dix D
Human Carcinogenesis: The Role of Age and Gender.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4385-4391 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: To identify the reason for age and gender differences in cancer risk.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Age-standardized incidence rates for 17 cancer types were compared between genders in 50 populations. For each cancer type, the female/male rate ratio was listed in fixed order of population. Correlation coefficients were calculated between these lists in all pairwise combinations. For each population, the female/male rate ratio was listed in fixed order of cancer. Correlation coefficients were calculated between lists in all pairwise combinations.
RESULTS: Only four pairwise combinations for cancer type gave a correlation coefficient greater than 0.700. For each population, the lowest correlation coefficient was 0.950.
CONCLUSION: The reason for the differences in risk of cancer varies with each type of cancer, but remains fixed in all populations. It is suspected that species-specific genes control stem cell telomere dynamics in a fixed strategy at rates that vary among tissues and between genders.

Tomasovic-Loncaric C, Fucic A, Andabak A, et al.
Androgen Receptor as a Biomarker of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression Risk.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4285-4289 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a cancer with poor prognosis due to therapy resistance, locoregional recurrences, and distant metastases. There is on increased interest in profiling the androgen receptor (AR) in cancer biology. The aim of this study was to compare AR and Ki-67 levels in the neoplastic epithelium and stroma between non-metastatic and metastatic stages of OSCC.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Tissue specimens of 101 non-metastatic and 95 metastatic OSCC patients were analyzed by immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: More than 20% of AR-positive cytoplasmic staining of OSCC epithelium was significantly associated with nuclear AR levels in the epithelium and increased AR levels in the stroma. In metastatic OSCC patients, Ki-67 was significantly higher than in non-metastatic OSCC patients.
CONCLUSION: More than 20% of AR-positive cytoplasmic staining in neoplastic OSSC epithelium is a significant predictor of OSCC progression risk.

Romanchikova N, Trapencieris P
Wedelolactone Targets EZH2-mediated Histone H3K27 Methylation in Mantle Cell Lymphoma.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4179-4184 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), the catalytic subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), possesses histone N-methyltransferase (HMT) activity and plays an essential role in cancer initiation and development. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of Wedelolactone (WL) to inhibit the methylation activity of EZH2.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cell line, Mino, was treated with WL, while untreated cells were used as control. HMT activity and EZH2 amount were measured in nuclear extracts from WL-treated and control Mino cells.
RESULTS: WL was found to target EZH2-mediated histone H3K27 methylation. Along with the inhibition of H3K27 methylation in vitro (IC50=0.3 μM), WL suppressed HMT activity in Mino cells with an IC50 value of 3.2 μM. We detected a reduced amount of EZH2 in Mino cells treated with WL, compared to untreated control cells.
CONCLUSION: This is the first study to show that WL induces inhibition of H3K27 methylation via EZH2 modulation and decreases cell proliferation in MCL, in vitro. WL is proposed as a promising agent and a novel epigenetic approach in MCL investigation and treatment.

Sinha AA
Electron Microscopic Analysis of Stem Cells in Human Prostate Cancer, Including Inverted Capsule Embedding Methods for Archival Sections and Falcon Films for Prostate Cancer Cell Lines.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4171-4177 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: Identification of prostatic stem cells in primary prostate tissue sections, organ cultures of prostate and cell lines requires a range of techniques that allows characterization of stem cells for their potential use in the treatment of patients. Isolated cells usually round-up and develop changes in shape, size and cellular characteristics. The aim of this study was to provide a range of methods for identifying prostatic stem cells and characterizing them with regard to ultrastructure, nuclear morphology, cytoplasmic organelles, and/or expression stem cell marker CD133.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prostate biopsy and prostatectomy specimens were used for studying prostatic stem cells and their known marker CD133 in tissue sections by light and/or electron microscopy. Inverted capsule embedding was used to study archival metastatic prostate in pelvic nodes and Du145 cell line in a monolayer culture.
RESULTS: Staining for CD133 positively identified stem cells that were found in benign prostatic hyperplasia, benign prostate, and prostate cancer cells. Paraffin embedded sections showed a single type of stem cells, whereas methylene blue-stained Epon sections showed both light and dark stem cells. Electron microscopy showed that both basal and stem cells were closely associated with the basement membrane (basal lamina). Stem cells had smooth plasma and nuclear membranes, a prominent nucleolus, small mitochondria, and few ribosomes. Du145 cells were separated by intercellular spaces in monolayer culture.
CONCLUSION: The inverted capsule embedding method allowed the study of metastasized prostate cancer in pelvic lymph nodes. Our approach enabled the assessment of stem cells in tissue sections by light and electron microscopy.

Itoh M, Okuhashi Y, Takahashi Y, et al.
Hypoxia Up-regulates HIF Expression While Suppressing Cell Growth and NOTCH Activity in Leukaemia Cells.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4165-4170 [PubMed] Related Publications
AIM: To examine the influence of hypoxia on the in vitro growth of leukaemia cells and the activity of signalling proteins to better understand the pathophysiology of leukaemia cells in human bone marrow.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six human leukaemia cell lines were cultured under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Cell growth, recovery of clonogenic cells, and the expression and activation of various signalling proteins were examined.
RESULTS: Hypoxia suppressed cell growth and the recovery of clonogenic cells. Moreover, hypoxia up-regulated hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α and HIF2α expression while suppressing the expression and activation of NOTCH1, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) activation, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) phosphorylation.
CONCLUSION: We found that hypoxia up-regulated HIF expression while it suppressed the self-renewal capacity of leukaemia cells, NOTCH activity, and expression of its down-stream signalling molecules, which differs from previous reports mentioning that HIF activates NOTCH signalling. Our findings serve to further elucidate the in vivo pathophysiology of leukaemia cells.

Yue CH, Liu JY, Chi CS, et al.
Myeloid Zinc Finger 1 (MZF1) Maintains the Mesenchymal Phenotype by Down-regulating IGF1R/p38 MAPK/ERα Signaling Pathway in High-level MZF1-expressing TNBC cells.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4149-4164 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: Signaling regulation of myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF1) has been implicated in the progression of many human malignancies; however, the mechanistic action of MZF1 in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) progression remains elusive. In this study, the aim was to investigate the molecular mechanisms of MZF1 and its functional role in TNBC cellular migration and invasion.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hs578T and MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected to stably express the acidic domain of MZF1 (MZF1
RESULTS: Herein, we found that MZF1 in high-level MZF1-expressing TNBC cells is associated with cell migration, invasion, and mesenchymal phenotype. MZF1 interacted with the promoter region of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) to drive invasion and metastasis of high-level MZF1-expressing TNBC cells. Exogenous expression of the acidic domain of MZF1 repressed the binding of endogenous MZF1 to IGF1R promoter via blocking the interaction with ETS-like gene 1 (ELK1). This blockage not only caused MZF1 protein degradation, but also restrained ELK1 nuclear localization in high-level MZF1-expressing TNBC cells. MZF1, but not ELK1, was necessary for the retention of mesenchymal phenotype by repressing IGF1R promoter activity in TNBC cells expressing high levels of MZF1. Activation of the IGF1R-driven p38MAPK-ERα-slug-E-cadherin signaling axis mediated the conversion of mesenchymal cell to epithelial phenotype, caused by MZF1 destabilization. These results suggest that MZF1 is an oncogenic inducer.
CONCLUSION: Blocking of the MZF1/ELK1 interaction to reduce MZF1 protein stability by saturating the endogenous MZF1/ELK1 binding domains might be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of high-level MZF1-expressing TNBC.

An HJ, Song DH
Displacement of Vitamin D Receptor Is Related to Lower Histological Grade of Endometrioid Carcinoma.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4143-4147 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: Vitamin D analogs have a protective effect on carcinogenesis in humans. Since vitamin D receptor (VDR) is detected in many histotypes of cancer, this study evaluated the role of VDR expression in endometrioid carcinoma.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Tumor samples were collected from 60 patients who had undergone surgery, and the pattern of VDR expression assessed in tissue microarray (TMA) blocks of tumor samples. When VDR expression in the cytoplasm was higher than that in the nucleus, this was noted as 'displacement'. Using statistical analysis, the relationship between VDR expression and clinicopathological factors was evaluated.
RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining of nuclear VDR was as follows: Negative: 32 (53.3%); mild: 13 (21.7%); moderate: 14 (23.3%); strong: 1 (1.7%). For cytoplasmic VDR expression: Negative: 2 (3.3%); mild: 19 (31.7%); moderate: 31 (51.7%); strong: 7 (11.7%). VDR displacement was found in 42 (70%) cores. VDR displacement was significantly positively correlated with endometrioid carcinoma having lower histological grade (1, p=0.03).
CONCLUSION: Displacement of VDR was significantly correlated with lower histological grade. Clinicians might be able to predict prognosis and decide therapies related to vitamin D analogs using this remarkable biomarker for endometrial carcinoma.

Chrysovergis A, Papanikolaou V, Tsiambas E, et al.
P53/MDM2 Co-Expression in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Based on Digital Image Analysis.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4137-4142 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND: P53 is a key regulator of genomic stability and function, acting as a tumor suppressor protein. Our aim was to correlate P53 expression with murine double minute 2 (MDM2), a proto-oncogene that interacts with P53 and forms an auto-regulatory pathway, in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 50 LSCC cases were included in the study. Immunohistochemistry was applied by using antibodies to P53 and MDM2 in the corresponding tissue sections. Protein expression levels for both molecules were measured by implementing a digital image analysis assay (immunostaining intensity levels, densitometric evaluation).
RESULTS: Overexpression of P53 protein was observed in 16/50 (32%) LSCC cases, while 22/50 (44%) cases strongly expressed MDM2 protein. Interestingly, in 13/50 (26%) cases, combined overexpression of P53/MDM2 was detected. Overall P53 was strongly positively correlated with MDM2 expression (p=0.001). Both P53 and MDM2 overexpression were significantly correlated with advanced stage of LSCC (p=0.032 and p=0.001, respectively). Additionally, MDM2 was found to be associated with poorer survival of patients (p=0.046).
CONCLUSION: Aberrant co-expression of P53 and MDM2 is associated with advanced stage in LSCC. Furthermore, MDM2 overexpression is a frequent and critical genetic event in LSCC and seems to negatively affect survival.

Nishizawa Y, Ikeda R, Yamamoto M, et al.
5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine Enhances the Sensitivity of 5-Fluorouracil by Demethylation of the Thymidine Phosphorylase Promoter.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4129-4136 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) enhances the sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), but the molecular mechanism is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism that enhances the sensitivity to 5-FU treated with 5-Aza-CdR via thymidine phosphorylase (TP).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sensitivity to drugs was determined on several cancer cell lines by the MTT assay. Protein and mRNA levels were examined by immunoblot and RT-PCR, respectively. Gene silencing, binding of Sp1 to DNA and methylation of DNA was performed by siRNA, ChIP assay and sodium bisulfate genomic sequencing, respectively.
RESULTS: Sp1-binding sites in the TP promoter were methylated in epidermoid carcinoma. 5-Aza-CdR demethylated Sp1-binding sites and enhanced sensitivity to 5-FU.
CONCLUSION: Demethylation of Sp1-binding sites by 5-Aza-CdR was a key factor enhancing 5-FU sensitivity, which may enable more effective treatments for cancer patients with the combination of 5-Aza-CdR and 5-FU.

Uda NR, Stenner F, Seibert V, et al.
Humanized Monoclonal Antibody Blocking Carbonic Anhydrase 12 Enzymatic Activity Leads to Reduced Tumor Growth
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4117-4128 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: Carbonic anhydrase 12 (CA12) is a membrane-associated enzyme that is highly expressed on many human cancers. It is a poor prognostic marker and hence an attractive target for cancer therapy. This study aimed to develop a humanized CA12-antibody with anti-cancer activity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Antibody libraries were constructed and screened by the Retrocyte display®. Antibody binding and blocking properties were determined by ELISA, flow cytometry and enzymatic activity assays. Spheroid viability was determined by Cell-Titer-Fluor assay.
RESULTS: We developed a novel humanized CA12-specific antibody, 4AG4, which recognized CA12 as an antigen and blocked CA12 enzymatic activity. Our humanized CA12-antibody significantly inhibited spheroid growth of lung adenocarcinoma A549-cells in vitro by blocking CA12 enzymatic activity. Similar anti-tumor effects were recapitulated with CA12-gene knockout of A549-cells.
CONCLUSION: Our newly identified humanized CA12-antibody with anti-cancer activity, represents a new tool for the treatment of CA12-positive tumors.

Nakazawa N, Ogata K, Yokobori T, et al.
Low IRBIT Levels Are Associated With Chemo-resistance in Gastric Cancer Patients.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4111-4116 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: We investigated whether the expression of inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor-binding protein released with inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (IRBIT) in clinical gastric cancer (GC) patients could predict the therapeutic response to postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate IRBIT expression in 115 GC patients. To clarify whether IRBIT had a relationship with the therapeutic effects of chemotherapy, we compared two groups - 62 patients treated with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and 53 patients treated with postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy.
RESULTS: Regarding the postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy-free group, we did not find any statistically significant correlation between clinicopathological features and recurrence regardless of the expression of IRBIT. In contrast, in the group receiving postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy, a significant association was found between IRBIT expression and both overall and disease-free survival.
CONCLUSION: IRBIT may be used as a useful predictive marker for chemotherapy.

Giorgi C, Gasser UE, Lafont ME, et al.
Inhibition of Chemoresistance in Primary Tumor Cells by
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4101-4110 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: Despite improvements in cancer therapy, life expectancy after tumor recurrence remains low. Relapsed cancer is characterized by drug resistance, often mediated through overexpression of multidrug resistance (MDR) genes. Camellia sinensis non fermentatum extract is known for its anticancer properties in several cancer cell lines and might improve cancer therapy outcome after tumor recurrence.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines and primary rhabdomyosarcoma MAST139 cells were used to test NPE® effects on cell viability in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. Cell viability was measured by the WST-1 assay and CV staining. Gene expression levels of chemotherapy-induced efflux pumps and their activity was assessed upon NPE® treatment by measuring doxorubicin retention through evaluation of the autofluorescence signal.
RESULTS: Administration of increasing doxorubicin concentrations triggered immediate adaptation to the drug, which was surprisingly overcome by the addition of NPE®. Investigating the mechanism of immediate adaptation, MDR1 gene overexpression was observed upon doxorubicin treatment. Although NPE® did not alter pump gene expression, it was able to reduce pump activity, thus allowing the chemotherapeutic agent to stay inside the cells to exert its full anticancer activity.
CONCLUSION: NPE® might improve chemotherapeutic treatment by re-sensitizing relapsed tumors to anticancer drugs. Fighting MDR represents the key to overcome tumor relapse and improve the overall survival of cancer patients.

Huang TS, Lee JJ, Li YS, Cheng SP
Ethacridine Induces Apoptosis and Differentiation in Thyroid Cancer Cells
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4095-4100 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: Ethacridine is used as a topical antiseptic as well as for second-trimester abortion. Recent studies showed that ethacridine is an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) and an activator of the transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). This study examined the effects of ethacridine on thyroid cancer cells.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thyroid cancer cell lines (FTC133 and SW1736) and thyroid follicular epithelial cells (Nthy-ori 3-1) were treated with ethacridine. Viability, clonogenicity, cell-cycle distribution, and apoptosis were evaluated. The expression of thyroid differentiation markers (TTF-1, PAX8, and NIS) was determined by real-time PCR.
RESULTS: Ethacridine suppressed cell growth and clonogenic ability of thyroid cancer cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner (p<0.001). No cell-cycle arrest was found, but ethacridine dose-dependently induced apoptosis of thyroid cancer cells (p<0.001). The PAX8 and NIS expressions were significantly increased in SW1736 (3.41-fold and 1.53-fold, respectively) and Nthy-ori 3-1 cells (2.73-fold and 4.12-fold, respectively).
CONCLUSION: Ethacridine elicits apoptotic cell death in thyroid cancer cells and promotes differentiation in a subset of thyroid follicular cells.

Valentini V, Zelli V, Gaggiano E, et al.
MiRNAs as Potential Prognostic Biomarkers for Metastasis in Thin and Thick Primary Cutaneous Melanomas.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4085-4093 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: The identification of novel prognostic biomarkers for melanoma metastasis is essential to improve patient outcomes. To this aim, we characterized miRNA expression profiles in relation to metastasis in melanoma and correlated miRNAs expression with clinical-pathological factors.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: MiR-145-5p, miR-150-5p, miR-182-5p, miR-203-3p, miR-205-5p and miR-211-5p expression levels were analyzed in primary cutaneous melanomas, including thin and thick melanomas, and in melanoma metastases by quantitative Real-Time PCR.
RESULTS: A significantly lower miR-205-5p expression was found in metastases compared to primary melanomas. Furthermore, a progressive down-regulation of miR-205-5p expression was observed from loco-regional to distant metastasis. Significantly lower miR-145-5p and miR-203-3p expression levels were found in cases with Breslow thickness >1 mm, high Clark level, ulceration and mitotic rate ≥1/mm

Matsunaga N, Wakasaki T, Yasumatsu R, Kotake Y
Long Noncoding RNA,
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(8):4073-4077 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: ANRIL is a long noncoding RNA located on INK4 locus, which encodes p15 and p16 that cause G
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cells were transfected with siRNA oligonucleotides targeting ANRIL. Transfected cells were subjected to cell-cycle and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis.
RESULTS: Depletion of ANRIL increased p15 mRNA in FaDu cells, and p15 and p16 mRNA in CAL27 cells and inhibited proliferation of these cells. Cell cycle analysis showed that depletion of ANRIL caused arrest at the G
CONCLUSION: ANRIL promotes G

Vakili Saatloo M, Aghbali AA, Koohsoltani M, Yari Khosroushahi A
Akt1 and Jak1 siRNA based silencing effects on the proliferation and apoptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Gene. 2019; 714:143997 [PubMed] Related Publications
Based on Akt1 and Jak1 key roles in apoptosis and proliferation of many cancers, the aim of this study was to find a new gene therapy strategy by silencing of these main anti-apoptotic genes for HNSCC treatment. Cancerous HN5 and normal HUVEC cell lines were treated with Akt1 and Jak1 siRNAs alone or with each other combined with/without cisplatin. The MTS, flow cytometry, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, real-time PCR and ELISA methods were utilized in this study. The highest percentage of apoptosis was observed in the treatment of Jak1 siRNA/cisplatin group in cancerous HN5 cells (96.5%) where this treatment showed 12.84% apoptosis in normal HUVEC cell line. Cell viability reduced significantly to 64.57% after treatment with Akt1 siRNA in HN5 treated group. Knocking down Akt1 and Jak1 genes using siRNAs could increase levels of apoptosis and reduce proliferation rate in HNSCC indicating the powerful effects of these genes siRNAs with or without chemotherapeutic agents in HNSCC treatment. In conclusion, the combination of siRNA-mediated gene-silencing strategy can be considered as a valuable and safe approach for sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents thus proposed further studies regarding this issue to approve some siRNA based therapeutics for using in clinic.

Sun Y, Ling C
Analysis of the long non-coding RNA LINC01614 in non-small cell lung cancer.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2019; 98(30):e16437 [PubMed] Related Publications
The aim of this study was toexplore the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression pattern of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) on a genome-wide scale and investigate their potential biological function in NSCLC.LncRNAs were investigated in 6 pairs of NSCLC and matched adjacent non-tumor lung tissues (NTL) by microarray. A validation cohort was obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and the effect of LINC01614 on diagnosis and prognosis in NSCLC was analyzed. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to predict the potential molecular mechanism of LINC01614, one identified lncRNA.A total of 1392 differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified. LINC01614 was the most aberrantly expressed lncRNA in NSCLC compared with NTL. We confirmed the significantly upregulated LINC01614 in NSCLC patients from TCGA database. Furthermore, in TCGA database, LINC01614 was significantly upregulated in both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. And high expression of LINC01614 indicated poor overall survival of NSCLC patients. A sensitivity of 93% was calculated conditional on a high specificity of 95% for the discrimination of NSCLC tissues from normal tissues. Furthermore, the expression levels of LINC01614 were associated with the stage of tumor, but had no relationship with age and sex. Additionally, GSEA found that LINC01614 might be involved in TGF-β-, P53-, IGF-IR-mediated, Wnt and RTK/Ras/MAPK signaling pathways.lncRNAs may play key roles in the development of NSCLC. LINC01614 is the most aberrantly expressed lncRNA in NSCLC tissues in our experiment and is also significantly differentially expressed in NSCLC patients from TCGA database. LINC01614 could be a prognostic indicator and has the potential to be a diagnostic biomarker of NSCLC.

Simondurairaj C, Krishnakumar R, Sundaram S, Venkatraman G
Interleukin-6 Receptor (IL-6R) Expression in Human Gastric Carcinoma and its Clinical Significance.
Cancer Invest. 2019; 37(7):293-298 [PubMed] Related Publications
The aim of the study is to analyse the expression of Interleukin-6 receptor in different human gastric tissue and to correlate with the clinicopathological features of the patients. Immunohistochemistry was done against the IL-6R antibody and the Q-score was calculated from the staining pattern. Higher Q-scores were observed in tumour cells than the adjacent normal cells which were statistically significant. We also observed a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6R and the clinicopathological features These findings suggest that IL-6R may represent as a therapeutic target for gastric carcinoma and serve as a prognostic indicator, as well.

Tokgun PE, Tokgun O, Kurt S, et al.
MYC-driven regulation of long non-coding RNA profiles in breast cancer cells.
Gene. 2019; 714:143955 [PubMed] Related Publications
AIM: MYC deregulation contributes to breast cancer development and progression. Deregulated expression levels of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have been demonstrated to be critical players in development and/or maintenance of breast cancer. In this study we aimed to evaluate lncRNA expressions depending on MYC overexpression and knockdown in breast cancer cells.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cells were infected with lentiviral vectors by either knockdown or overexpression of c-MYC. LncRNA cDNA was transcribed from total RNA samples and lncRNAs were evaluated by qRT-PCR.
RESULTS: Our results indicated that some of the lncRNAs having tumor suppressor (GAS5, MEG3, lincRNA-p21) and oncogenic roles (HOTAIR) are regulated by c-MYC.
CONCLUSION: We observed that c-MYC regulates lncRNAs that have important roles on proliferation, cell cycle and etc. Further studies will give us a light to identify molecular mechanisms related to MYC-lncRNA regulatory pathways in breast cancer.

Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Xu H
LIMCH1 suppress the growth of lung cancer by interacting with HUWE1 to sustain p53 stability.
Gene. 2019; 712:143963 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to identify the expression of LIM and calponin-homology domains 1 (LIMCH1) in lung cancer and normal tissues, to determine the interaction between LIMCH1 and HUWE1 in regulating p53 stability.
METHODS: The expression of LIMCH1 was detected by the Oncomine and Cancer Genome Atlas databases. Expression of LIMCH1 mRNA was identified using qRT-PCR. In transfected human lung cancer cells, co-immunoprecipitation experiments were performed. The mechanism that HUWE1 sustained lung cancer malignancy was verified by western blotting. The proliferation of tranfected cells was assessed by CCK-8 assay and colony formation.
RESULTS: Bioinformatic data and e TCGA database suggested LIMCH1 mRNA levels in tumor tissues were down-regulated compared to tumor adjacent tissues. We found low expression of LIMCH1 mRNA in tumor sites and tumor cell line. Exogenous expression of LIMCH1 interacts with HUWE1 promotes expression of p53. Use of siRNA or shRNA against LIMCH1 resulted in decreased p53 protein levels. LIMCH1 deletion lead to enhance of p53 ubiquitination and protein expression of p53 and substrate p21, puma. Growth curve showed that LIMCH1 deletion significantly promoted the proliferation of A549 cells.
CONCLUSIONS: LIMCH1 was a negative regulator and indicated a new molecular mechanism for the pathogenesis of lung cancer via modulating HUWE1 and p53.

Silva OB, Correia NAA, de Barros FT, et al.
3' untranslated region A>C (rs3212227) polymorphism of Interleukin 12B gene as a potential risk factor for Hodgkin's lymphoma in Brazilian children and adolescents.
Tumour Biol. 2019; 41(7):1010428319860400 [PubMed] Related Publications
Interleukin 12 plays an important role in immunoregulation between the T helper 1/T helper 2 lymphocytes and in the antiviral and antitumor immune response. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between the interleukin 12B polymorphism rs3212227 and the risk to develop Hodgkin's lymphoma in childhood and adolescents. A total of 100 patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma and a group of 181 healthy controls were selected at random from a forensic laboratory of the University of Pernambuco. The AA genotype was detected in the controls (53.04%) and the AC genotype was found in the patients (54%). The AC genotype showed an association with the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma (odds ratio = 2.091, 95% confidence interval = 1.240-3.523, p = 0.007). When AC + CC genotypes were analyzed together, an increase in risk of 1.9 times more chances for HL development could be observed (odds ratio = 1.923, 95% confidence interval = 1.166-3.170, p = 0.014). However, there was no association between the AC and CC genotypes of the interleukin 12B polymorphism with the clinical risk group (p = 0.992, p = 0.648, respectively). Our results suggest that the presence of the C allele may be contributing to the development of Hodgkin's lymphoma in children and adolescents.

Disclaimer: This site is for educational purposes only; it can not be used in diagnosis or treatment.

Cite this page: Cotterill SJ. CD69, Cancer Genetics Web: http://www.cancer-genetics.org/CD69.htm Accessed:

Creative Commons License
This page in Cancer Genetics Web by Simon Cotterill is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Note: content of abstracts copyright of respective publishers - seek permission where appropriate.

 [Home]    Page last revised: 31 August, 2019     Cancer Genetics Web, Established 1999