THY1

Gene Summary

Gene:THY1; Thy-1 cell surface antigen
Aliases: CD90, CDw90
Location:11q23.3
Summary:This gene encodes a cell surface glycoprotein and member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of proteins. The encoded protein is involved in cell adhesion and cell communication in numerous cell types, but particularly in cells of the immune and nervous systems. The encoded protein is widely used as a marker for hematopoietic stem cells. This gene may function as a tumor suppressor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]
Databases:OMIM, HGNC, Ensembl, GeneCard, Gene
Protein:thy-1 membrane glycoprotein
Source:NCBIAccessed: 31 August, 2019

Ontology:

What does this gene/protein do?
Show (28)
Pathways:What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in?
Show (3)

Cancer Overview

Research Indicators

Publications Per Year (1994-2019)
Graph generated 31 August 2019 using data from PubMed using criteria.

Literature Analysis

Mouse over the terms for more detail; many indicate links which you can click for dedicated pages about the topic.

  • Cell Differentiation
  • Thrombospondins
  • Tumor Stem Cell Assay
  • Cancer Stem Cells
  • Cancer Gene Expression Regulation
  • Chromosome Mapping
  • Genetic Markers
  • Gene Expression
  • Thy-1 Antigens
  • Hybrid Cells
  • Chromosome 4
  • Promoter Regions
  • Leukaemia
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Translocation
  • Up-Regulation
  • DNA Probes
  • Staging
  • Mice, Transgenic
  • Cell Proliferation
  • Carcinoma
  • B-Cell Lymphoma
  • Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
  • Gene Expression Profiling
  • Western Blotting
  • Chromosome 11
  • Transfection
  • Messenger RNA
  • Flow Cytometry
  • DNA Methylation
  • Biomarkers, Tumor
  • Xenograft Models
  • Breast Cancer
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Nasopharyngeal Cancer
  • Prostate Cancer
  • alpha-Crystallin B Chain
  • Chromosome Banding
  • Succinate Dehydrogenase
  • CD3 Complex
  • RTPCR
Tag cloud generated 31 August, 2019 using data from PubMed, MeSH and CancerIndex

Specific Cancers (5)

Data table showing topics related to specific cancers and associated disorders. Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression.

Note: list is not exhaustive. Number of papers are based on searches of PubMed (click on topic title for arbitrary criteria used).

Latest Publications: THY1 (cancer-related)

Di Y, Chen D, Yu W, Yan L
Bladder cancer stage-associated hub genes revealed by WGCNA co-expression network analysis.
Hereditas. 2019; 156:7 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Background: Bladder cancer was a malignant disease in patients, our research aimed at discovering the possible biomarkers for the diseases.
Results: The gene chip GSE31684, including 93samples, was downloaded from the GEO datasets and co-expression network was constructed by the data. Molecular complex detection(MCODE) was used to identify hub genes. The most significant cluster including 16 genes:

Gerashchenko GV, Grygoruk OV, Kononenko OA, et al.
Expression pattern of genes associated with tumor microenvironment in prostate cancer.
Exp Oncol. 2018; 40(4):315-322 [PubMed] Related Publications
AIM: To assess relative expression (RE) levels of CAF-, TAM-specific, immune defense-associated genes in prostate tumors and to show correlation of RE with clinical, pathological and molecular characteristics, with the aim to define clinically significant specific alterations in a gene expression pattern.
METHODS: RE of 23 genes was analyzed by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 37 freshly frozen samples of prostate cancer tissues of a different Gleason score (GS) and at various tumor stages, compared with RE in 37 paired conventionally normal prostate tissue (CNT) samples and 20 samples of prostate adenomas.
RESULTS: Differences in RE were shown for 11 genes out of 23 studied, when tumor samples were compared with corresponding CNTs. 7 genes, namely ACTA2, CXCL14, CTGF, THY1, FAP, CD163, CCL17 were upregulated in tumors. 4 genes, namely CCR4, NOS2A, MSMB, IL1R1 were downregulated in tumors. 14 genes demonstrated different RE in TNA at different stages: CXCL12, CXCL14, CTGF, FAP, HIF1A, THY1, CCL17, CCL22, CCR4, CD68, CD163, NOS2A, CTLA4, IL1R1. RE changes of 9 genes - CXCL12, CXCL14, HIF1A, CCR4, CCL17, NOS2A, CTLA4, IL1R1, IL2RA - were found in tumors with different GS. Moreover, 9 genes showed differences in RE in TNA, dependently on the presence or absence of the TMPRSS2/ERG fusion and 7 genes showed differences in RE of groups with differential PTEN expression. Significant correlations were calculated between RE of 9 genes in adenocarcinomas and the stage, and GS; also, between RE of 2 genes and the fusion presence; and between RE of 4 genes and PTEN expression.
CONCLUSIONS: Several gene expression patterns were identified that correlated with the GS, stage and molecular characteristics of tumors, i.e. presence of the TMPRSS2/ERG fusion and alterations in PTEN expression. These expression patterns can be used for molecular profiling of prostate tumors, with the aim to develop personalized medicine approaches. However, the proposed profiling requires a more detailed analysis and a larger cohort of patients with prostate tumor.

Numakura S, Uozaki H, Kikuchi Y, et al.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Marker Expression in Gastric Cancer Stroma.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(1):387-393 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: Spindle-shaped stromal cells of tumors are derived from various cellular origins, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs express CD73, CD90 and CD105 antigens. Herein, the aim was to investigate the association between the expression of specific MSC markers in gastric cancer stromal cells and the clinicopathological features of the disease.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of CD73, CD90 and CD105 in spindle-shaped cancer stromal cells was studied by immunohistochemistry in tissue arrays containing 546 gastric cancer cases. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the association of MSC marker expression with clinicopathological variables.
RESULTS: Spindle-shaped cancer stromal cells expressing the MSC markers CD73, CD90 or CD105 were associated with larger tumor size, advanced cancer, venous infiltration, lymphatic infiltration, and lymph node metastasis. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the presence of CD105-positive spindle cells was an independent prognostic factor of advanced cancer, lymph node metastasis and EBV infection in multivariate analysis.
CONCLUSION: Spindle-shaped gastric cancer stromal cells expressing CD73, CD90 or CD105 are involved in disease progression, and among them, CD105-positive cells are strongly associated with poor prognosis.

Lobo NA, Zabala M, Qian D, Clarke MF
Serially transplantable mammary epithelial cells express the Thy-1 antigen.
Breast Cancer Res. 2018; 20(1):121 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Recent studies in murine mammary tissue have identified functionally distinct cell populations that may be isolated by surface phenotype or lineage tracing. Previous groups have shown that CD24
METHODS: Flow cytometry-based enrichment of distinct phenotypic populations was assessed for their gene expression profiles and functional proliferative attributes in vitro and in vivo.
RESULTS: Here, we show Thy-1 is differentially expressed in the CD24
CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, Thy-1 expression in the immature cell compartment is a useful tool to study the functional heterogeneity that drives mammary gland development and has implications for disease etiology.

Yamaoka R, Ishii T, Kawai T, et al.
CD90 expression in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis.
J Surg Oncol. 2018; 118(4):664-674 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most common primary liver cancer. However, its prognosis remains poor. Expression of cluster of differentiation 90 (CD90) has been identified as an indicator of poor prognosis in many cancers. Here, we examined the importance of CD90 expression in ICC.
METHODS: We performed immunohistological assays for CD90 in human ICC surgical specimens and assessed its relationship with clinicopathological findings and prognosis. Moreover, we analyzed the characteristics of CD90
RESULTS: CD90 expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and was revealed to be an independent prognostic factor. The CD90
CONCLUSION: CD90

Ponandai-Srinivasan S, Andersson KL, Nister M, et al.
Aberrant expression of genes associated with stemness and cancer in endometria and endometrioma in a subset of women with endometriosis.
Hum Reprod. 2018; 33(10):1924-1938 [PubMed] Related Publications
STUDY QUESTION: Is there molecular evidence for a link between endometriosis and endometriosis-associated ovarian cancers (EAOC)?
STUDY ANSWER: We identified aberrant gene expression signatures associated with malignant transformation in a small subgroup of women with ovarian endometriosis.
WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of EAOC in women with ovarian endometriosis. However, the cellular and molecular changes leading to EAOC are largely unexplored.
STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: CD73+CD90+CD105+ multipotent stem cells/progenitors (SC cohort) were isolated from endometrium (n = 18) and endometrioma (n = 11) of endometriosis patients as well as from the endometrium of healthy women (n = 14). Extensive phenotypic and functional analyses were performed in vitro on expanded multipotent stem cells/progenitors to confirm their altered characteristics. Aberrant gene signatures were also validated in paired-endometrium and -endometrioma tissue samples from another cohort (Tissue cohort, n = 19) of endometriosis patients.
PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTINGS, METHODS: Paired-endometrial and -endometriotic biopsies were obtained from women with endometriosis (ASRM stage III-IV) undergoing laparoscopic surgery. Control endometria were obtained from healthy volunteers. Isolated CD73+CD90+CD105+ SC were evaluated for the presence of known endometrial surface markers, colony forming efficiency, multi-lineage differentiation, cell cycle distribution and 3D-spheroid formation capacity. Targeted RT-PCR arrays, along with hierarchical and multivariate clustering tools, were used to determine both intergroup and intragroup gene expression variability for stem cell and cancer-associated markers, in both SC+ and tissue cohorts.
MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Isolated and expanded SC+ from both control and patient groups showed significantly higher surface expression of W5C5+, clonal expansion and 3D-spheroid formation capacity (P < 0.05) compared with SC-. The SC+ cells also undergo mesenchymal lineage differentiation, unlike SC-. Gene expression from paired-endometriosis samples showed significant downregulation of PTEN, ARID1A and TNFα (P < 0.05) in endometrioma compared with paired-endometrium SC+ samples. Hierarchical and multivariate clustering from both SC+ and tissue cohorts together identified 4 out of 30 endometrioma samples with aberrant expression of stem cell and cancer-associated genes, such as KIT, HIF2α and E-cadherin, altered expression ratio of ER-β/ER-α and downregulation of tumour suppressor genes (PTEN and ARID1A). Thus, we speculate that above changes may be potentially relevant to the development of EAOC.
LARGE-SCALE DATA: N/A.
LIMITATIONS, REASON FOR CAUTION: As the reported frequency of EAOC is very low, we did not have access to those samples in our study. Moreover, by adopting a targeted gene array approach, we might have missed several other potentially-relevant genes associated with EAOC pathogenesis. The above panel of markers should be further validated in archived tissue samples from women with endometriosis who later in life developed EAOC.
WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Knowledge gained from this study, with further confirmation on EAOC cases, may help in developing screening methods to identify women with increased risk of EAOC.
STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): The study is funded by the Swedish Research Council (2012-2844), a joint grant from Stockholm County and Karolinska Institutet (ALF), RGD network at Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Institutet for doctoral education (KID), Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (IUT34-16), Enterprise Estonia (EU48695), Horizon 2020 innovation program (WIDENLIFE, 692065), European Union's FP7 Marie Curie Industry-Academia Partnerships and Pathways funding (IAPP, SARM, EU324509) and MSCA-RISE-2015 project MOMENDO (691058). All authors have no competing interest.

Lobba ARM, Carreira ACO, Cerqueira OLD, et al.
High CD90 (THY-1) expression positively correlates with cell transformation and worse prognosis in basal-like breast cancer tumors.
PLoS One. 2018; 13(6):e0199254 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women, with the basal-like triple negative (TNBC) being the most agressive one, displaying the poorest prognosis within the ductal carcinoma subtype. Due to the lack of adequate molecular targets, the diagnosis and treatment of patients with the TNBC phenotype has been a great challenge. In a previous work, we identified CD90/Thy-1 as being highly expressed in the aggressive high malignancy grade Hs578T basal-like breast tumor cell line, pointing to this molecule as a promising breast tumor marker, which should be further investigated. Here, CD90 expression was analyzed in human breast cancer samples and its functional role was investigated to better assess the oncogenic nature of CD90 in mammary cells. Quantification of CD90 expression in human breast cancer samples, by tissue microarray, showed that high CD90 positivity correlates with metastasis and poor patient survival in the basal-like subtype. The functional genetic approach, by overexpression in the CD90 cDNA in a basal-like normal mammary cell line (MCF10A) and knockdown in a highly malignant cell line (Hs578T), allowed us to demonstrate that CD90 is involved with several cellular processes that lead to malignant transformation, such as: morphological change, increased cell proliferation, invasiveness, metastasis and activation of the EGFR pathway. Therefore, our results reveal that CD90 is involved with malignant transformation in breast cancer cell lines and is correlated with metastasis and poor patient survival in the basal-like subtype, being considered as a promising new breast cancer target.

Wu L, Blum W, Zhu CQ, et al.
Putative cancer stem cells may be the key target to inhibit cancer cell repopulation between the intervals of chemoradiation in murine mesothelioma.
BMC Cancer. 2018; 18(1):471 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Cancer cell repopulation during chemotherapy or radiotherapy is a major factor limiting the efficacy of treatment. Cancer stem cells (CSC) may play critical roles during this process. We aim to demonstrate the role of mesothelioma stem cells (MSC) in treatment failure and eventually to design specific target therapies against MSC to improve the efficacy of treatment in malignant mesothelioma.
METHODS: Murine mesothelioma AB12 and RN5 cells were used to compare tumorigenicity in mice. The expression of CSC-associated genes was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR in both cell lines treated with chemo-radiation. Stemness properties of MSC-enriched RN5-EOS-Puro2 cells were characterized with flow cytometry and immunostaining. A MSC-specific gene profile was screened by microarray assay and confirmed thereafter. Gene Ontology analysis of the selected genes was performed by GOMiner.
RESULTS: Tumor growth delay of murine mesothelioma AB12 cells was achieved after each cycle of cisplatin treatment, however, tumors grew back rapidly due to cancer cell repopulation between courses of chemotherapy. Strikingly, a 10-times lower number of irradiated cells in both cell lines led to a similar tumor incidence and growth rate as with untreated cells. The expression of CSC-associated genes such as CD24, CD133, CD90 and uPAR was dramatically up-regulated, while others did not change significantly after chemoradiation. Highly enriched MSC after selection with puromycin displayed an increasing GFP-positive population and showed typical properties of stemness. Comparatively, the proportion of MSC significantly increased after RN5-EOS parental cells were treated with either chemotherapy, γ-ray radiation, or a combination of the two, while MSC showed more resistance to the above treatments. A group of identified genes are most likely MSC-specific, and major pathways related to regulation of cell growth or apoptosis are involved. Upregulation of the gene transcripts Tnfsf18, Serpinb9b, Ly6a, and Nppb were confirmed.
CONCLUSION: Putative MSC possess the property of stemness showing more resistance to chemoradiation, suggesting that MSC may play critical roles in cancer cell repopulation. Further identification of selected genes may be used to design novel target therapies against MSC, so as to eliminate cancer cell repopulation in mesothelioma.

Donnenberg VS, Zhang JJ, Moravcikova E, et al.
Antibody-based cell-surface proteome profiling of metastatic breast cancer primary explants and cell lines.
Cytometry A. 2018; 93(4):448-457 [PubMed] Related Publications
Flow cytometric cell surface proteomics provides a new and powerful tool to determine changes accompanying neoplastic transformation and invasion, providing clues to essential interactions with the microenvironment as well as leads for potential therapeutic targets. One of the most important advantages of flow cytometric cell surface proteomics is that it can be performed on living cells that can be sorted for further characterization and functional studies. Here, we document the surface proteome of clonogenic metastatic breast cancer (MBrCa) explants, which was strikingly similar to that of normal mesenchymal stromal cells (P = 0.017, associated with Pearson correlation coefficient) and transformed mammary epithelial cells (P = 0.022). Markers specifically upregulated on MBrCa included CD200 (Ox2), CD51/CD61 (Integrin α5/β3), CD26 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4), CD165 (c-Cbl), and CD54 (ICAM-1). Proteins progressively upregulated in a model of neoplastic transformation and invasion included CD26, CD63 (LAMP3), CD105 (Endoglin), CD107a (LAMP1), CD108 (Semaphorin 7A), CD109 (Integrin β4), CD151 (Raph blood group), and disialoganglioside G2. The proteome of the commonly used cell lines MDA-MB-231, MCF7, and BT-474 were uncorrelated with that of MBrCa (P = 1.0, 1.0, 0.9, respectively). The comparison has demonstrated the mesenchymal nature of clonogenic cells isolated by short-term culture of metastatic breast cancer, provided several leads for biomarkers and potential targets for anti-invasive therapy, including CD200, and highlighted the limitations of breast cancer cell lines for representing the cell surface biology of breast cancer. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.

Ouchi T, Morikawa S, Shibata S, et al.
Recurrent Spindle Cell Carcinoma Shows Features of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.
J Dent Res. 2018; 97(7):779-786 [PubMed] Related Publications
This study investigated a case of spindle cell carcinoma (SpCC) in tongue pathological lesions. The patient experienced a local recurrence and distant metastasis after surgical intervention. Although standard chemotherapy was administered, a granulomatous mass continued to develop. This aggressive growth led to survival of the tumor. Secondary debulking surgery was performed to improve the patient's quality of life at the request of the patient. Using a tissue sample derived from the secondary debulking surgery, we performed an analysis of the tumor's cell surface antigens, differentiation potential, metastatic ability, and inhibition potential by anticancer reagents. In vitro analysis revealed that the cell population grown under adherent culture conditions expressed the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers CD73, CD90, and CD105. The cell line established from this SpCC contained colony-forming unit fibroblasts (CFU-Fs) and exhibited multipotent differentiation into several mesenchymal lineages, including bone, cartilage, and fat. The SpCC cells also displayed vigorous mobilization. These characteristics suggested that they had the differentiation potential of mesenchymal cells, especially MSCs, rather than that of epithelial cells. The surgical specimen analyzed in this study resisted the molecular target reagent cetuximab, which is an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor. This clinical insight revealed that chemotherapy-resistant SpCC cells have different characteristics compared to most other cancer cells, which are sensitive to cetuximab. Our cell death assay revealed that SpCC cell death was induced by the anticancer drug imatinib, which is known to inhibit protein tyrosine kinase activity of ABL, platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα), and KIT. Here, we report recurrent SpCC with characteristics of MSCs and potential for treatment with imatinib.

Kirches E, Steffen T, Waldt N, et al.
The expression of the MSC-marker CD73 and of NF2/Merlin are correlated in meningiomas.
J Neurooncol. 2018; 138(2):251-259 [PubMed] Related Publications
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been found in various cancers and were discussed to influence tumor biology. Cells fulfilling the complete MSC criteria, including surface marker expression (CD73, CD90, CD105) and tri-lineage differentiation, have been isolated solely from a low percentage of high-grade meningiomas. In contrast, pure co-expression of the surface-markers was relatively frequent, raising the question for an additional role of these membrane proteins in meningiomas. Therefore, here we analyzed the expression of CD73, CD90 and CD105 in a series of meningiomas of all grades. Although no significant association of any marker with meningeal tumor growth per se or with tumor-grade was observed, we detected a positive Pearson correlation (r = 0.55, p ≤ 0.05) in low-grade tumors between CD73 and the most relevant tumor suppressor NF2/Merlin, supported by a tendency of lower CD73 expression in cases with allelic losses at the NF2-locus, which express significantly lower NF2/Merlin-mRNA (p ≤ 0.05). In two pairs of syngenous meningeal or meningioma cell lines with or without shRNA-mediated knockdown of NF2/Merlin a nearly complete loss of CD73 mRNA expression was observed after the knockdown (p ≤ 0.001). This suggested that the correlation observed in tumors may result from a direct functional link between Merlin and CD73. Since CD73 is a 5'-exonucleotidase (termed NT5E), we discuss a potential role of NT5E-mediated purinergic signaling to modulate actin-cytoskeleton and cell contacts, which may be a functional link to NF2/Merlin.

Zhang F, Li T, Han L, et al.
TGFβ1-induced down-regulation of microRNA-138 contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition in primary lung cancer cells.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018; 496(4):1169-1175 [PubMed] Related Publications
The existence of cancer stem cells within the tumor could lead to cancer therapy resistance. TGFβ1 is considered as one of the most powerful players in the generation of CSCs through induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in different types of cancer including lung cancer, however, the detailed mechanisms by which TGFβ1 contribute to EMT induction and CSC maintenance remains unclear. Here, we showed primary lung cancer cells treated by TGFβ1 exhibit mesenchymal features, including morphology and expression of mesenchymal marker in a time-dependent manner. We also observed long-term TGFβ1 exposure leads to an enrichment of a sub-population of CD44

Zhang K, Che S, Su Z, et al.
CD90 promotes cell migration, viability and sphere‑forming ability of hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
Int J Mol Med. 2018; 41(2):946-954 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Cluster of differentiation (CD)90 (Thy‑1) was proposed as a marker for the liver cancer stem cells that are responsible for tumorigenic activity, however its involvement in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of CD90 on the biological functions of HCC and to investigate the associated circular RNA (circRNA) involved in this process. The analysis of the in vitro data demonstrated that CD90+ cells isolated from SK‑Hep‑1 cells exhibited increased viability, migration and invasive abilities compared with CD90‑ cells. In addition, circRNA expression profiles in CD90+ and CD90‑ cells were screened using a microarray assay and hsa_circ_0067531 and hsa_circ_0057096 were identified to be expressed at significantly different levels. It was additionally demonstrated that the expression of hsa_circ_0067531 in HCC tissues was significantly decreased compared with normal adjacent tissues. Overall, the results of the present study suggested that CD90 may be used as a potential biomarker for HCC. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that hsa_circ_0067531 may affect the biological functions of CD90+ HCC cells and may be a promising candidate to aid in the diagnosis and therapy of HCC.

Chen C, Luo F, Yang Q, et al.
NF-κB-regulated miR-155, via repression of QKI, contributes to the acquisition of CSC-like phenotype during the neoplastic transformation of hepatic cells induced by arsenite.
Mol Carcinog. 2018; 57(4):483-493 [PubMed] Related Publications
Chronic exposure to arsenite can cause various human tumors. For the initiation and recurrence of human liver cancer, the acquisition of CSC-like properties is essential. In various cancers, microRNAs (miRNAs) act as regulators in induction of CSC-like properties. Liver cancers over-express miR-155, but the mechanism relating miR-155 and arsenite-induced liver cancer is unknown. Here, we show that long-term exposure of L-02 cells to arsenite increases miR-155 levels by activation of NF-κB and leads to the acquisition of CSC-like properties. In spheroids formed from arsenite-transformed L-02 cells, the levels of miR-155 positively relate to the levels of CD90, EpCAM, and OCT4. Inhibition of miR-155, by reduction of SOX2 and OCT4, results in suppression of spheroid formation. Luciferase reporter assays indicate that QKI is a target of miR-155. Inhibition of QKI expression by miR-155 promotes arsenite-induced acquisition of CSC-like properties, whereas QKI over-expression has the opposite effect. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that miR-155, driven by NF-κB, reduces QKI expression and is involved in acquisition of the CSC-like phenotype during neoplastic transformation of hepatic cells induced by arsenite.

Nair RM, Balla MM, Khan I, et al.
In vitro characterization of CD133
BMC Cancer. 2017; 17(1):779 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Retinoblastoma (Rb), the most common childhood intraocular malignant tumor, is reported to have cancer stem cells (CSCs) similar to other tumors. Our previous investigation in primary tumors identified the small sized cells with low CD133 (Prominin-1) and high CD44 (Hyaluronic acid receptor) expression to be putative Rb CSCs using flow cytometry (FSC
METHODS: The cultured Rb Y79 cells were evaluated for surface markers by flow cytometry and CD133 sorted cells (CD133
RESULTS: Rb Y79 cell line shared the profile (CD133, CD90, CXCR4 and ABCB1) of primary tumors except for CD44 expression. The CD133
CONCLUSIONS: This study validates the observation from our earlier primary tumor study that CSC properties in Rb Y79 cell line are endowed within the CD133

Zuo J, Yu Y, Zhu M, et al.
Inhibition of miR-155, a therapeutic target for breast cancer, prevented in cancer stem cell formation.
Cancer Biomark. 2018; 21(2):383-392 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is a common cancer in women of worldwide. Cancer cells with stem-like properties played important roles in breast cancer, such as relapse, metastasis and treatment resistance. Micro-RNA-155 (miR-155) is a well-known oncogenic miRNA overexpressed in many human cancers.
METHODS: The expression levels of miR-155 in 38 pairs of cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues from breast cancer patients were detected using quantitative real-time PCR. The invasive cell line MDA-MB-231 was used to quantify the expression of miR-155 by tumor-sphere forming experiment. Soft agar colony formation assay and tumor xenografts was used to explore whether the inhibition of miR-155 could reduce proliferation of cancer cells in vivo and vitro.
RESULTS: In the study, we found miR-155 was upregulated in BC. Soft agar colony formation assay and tumor xenografts showed inhibition of miR-155 could significantly reduce proliferation of cancer cells in vivo and vitro, which confirmed that miR-155 is an effective therapeutic target of breast cancer. Sphere-forming experiment showed that overexpression of miR-155 significantly correlated with stem-like properties. Expressions of ABCG2, CD44 and CD90 were repressed by inhibition of miR-155, but CD24 was promoted. Interestingly, inhibition of miR-155 rendered MDA-MB-231 cells more sensitive to Doxorubicinol, which resulted in an increase of inhibition rate from 20.23% to 68.72%. Expression of miR-155 not only was a therapeutic target but also was associated with cancer stem cell formation and Doxorubicinol sensitivity.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results underscore the importance of miR-155 as a therapeutic target and combination of Doxorubicinol and miR-155-silencing would be a potential way to cure breast cancer.

Avril T, Etcheverry A, Pineau R, et al.
CD90 Expression Controls Migration and Predicts Dasatinib Response in Glioblastoma.
Clin Cancer Res. 2017; 23(23):7360-7374 [PubMed] Related Publications

Yoshida M, Yamashita T, Okada H, et al.
Sorafenib suppresses extrahepatic metastasis de novo in hepatocellular carcinoma through inhibition of mesenchymal cancer stem cells characterized by the expression of CD90.
Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1):11292 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a pivotal target for eradicating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We previously reported that distinctive CSCs regulating tumorigenicity (EpCAM

Hatina J, Parmar HS, Kripnerova M, et al.
Urothelial Carcinoma Stem Cells: Current Concepts, Controversies, and Methods.
Methods Mol Biol. 2018; 1655:121-136 [PubMed] Related Publications
Cancer stem cells are defined as a self-renewing and self-protecting subpopulation of cancer cells able to differentiate into morphologically and functionally diverse cancer cells with a limited lifespan. To purify cancer stem cells, two basic approaches can be applied, the marker-based approach employing various more of less-specific cell surface marker molecules and a marker-free approach largely based on various self-protection mechanisms. Within the context of urothelial carcinoma, both methods could find use. The cell surface markers have been mainly derived from the urothelial basal cell, a probable cell of origin of muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma, with CD14, CD44, CD90, and 67LR representing successful examples of this strategy. The marker-free approaches involve side population sorting, for which a detailed protocol is provided, as well as the Aldefluor assay, which rely on a specific overexpression of efflux pumps or the detoxification enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase, respectively, in stem cells. These assays have been applied to both non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancer samples and cell lines. Urothelial carcinoma stem cells feature a pronounced heterogeneity as to their molecular stemness mechanisms. Several aspects of urothelial cancer stem cell biology could enter translational development rather soon, e.g., a specific CD44

Hida K, Maishi N, Akiyama K, et al.
Tumor endothelial cells with high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity show drug resistance.
Cancer Sci. 2017; 108(11):2195-2203 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Tumor blood vessels play an important role in tumor progression and metastasis. We previously reported that tumor endothelial cells (TEC) exhibit several altered phenotypes compared with normal endothelial cells (NEC). For example, TEC have chromosomal abnormalities and are resistant to several anticancer drugs. Furthermore, TEC contain stem cell-like populations with high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity (ALDH

Zhu L, Kalimuthu S, Gangadaran P, et al.
Exosomes Derived From Natural Killer Cells Exert Therapeutic Effect in Melanoma.
Theranostics. 2017; 7(10):2732-2745 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications

Ramos TL, Sánchez-Abarca LI, Rosón-Burgo B, et al.
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) from JAK2+ myeloproliferative neoplasms differ from normal MSC and contribute to the maintenance of neoplastic hematopoiesis.
PLoS One. 2017; 12(8):e0182470 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
There is evidence of continuous bidirectional cross-talk between malignant cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC), which favors the emergence and progression of myeloproliferative neoplastic (MPN) diseases. In the current work we have compared the function and gene expression profile of BM-MSC from healthy donors (HD-MSC) and patients with MPN (JAK2V617F), showing no differences in the morphology, proliferation and differentiation capacity between both groups. However, BM-MSC from MPN expressed higher mean fluorescence intensity (MIF) of CD73, CD44 and CD90, whereas CD105 was lower when compared to controls. Gene expression profile of BM-MSC showed a total of 169 genes that were differentially expressed in BM-MSC from MPN patients compared to HD-MSC. In addition, we studied the ability of BM-MSC to support the growth and survival of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC), showing a significant increase in the number of CFU-GM colonies when MPN-HSPC were co-cultured with MPN-MSC. Furthermore, MPN-MSC showed alteration in the expression of genes associated to the maintenance of hematopoiesis, with an overexpression of SPP1 and NF-kB, and a downregulation of ANGPT1 and THPO. Our results suggest that BM-MSC from JAK2+ patients differ from their normal counterparts and favor the maintenance of malignant clonal hematopoietic cells.

Cheung AS, de Rooy C, Levinger I, et al.
Actin alpha cardiac muscle 1 gene expression is upregulated in the skeletal muscle of men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer.
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2017; 174:56-64 [PubMed] Related Publications
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) decreases muscle mass and function but no human studies have investigated the underlying genetic or cellular effects. We tested the hypothesis that ADT will lead to changes in skeletal muscle gene expression, which may explain the adverse muscle phenotype seen clinically. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 9 men with localised prostate cancer who underwent a vastus lateralis biopsy before and after 4 weeks of ADT. Next-generation RNA sequencing was performed and genes differentially expressed following ADT underwent gene ontology mining using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Differential expression of genes of interest was confirmed by quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) on gastrocnemius muscle of orchidectomised mice and sham controls (n=11/group). We found that in men, circulating total testosterone decreased from 16.5±4.3nmol/L at baseline to 0.4±0.15nmol/L post-ADT (p<0.001). RNA sequencing identified 19 differentially expressed genes post-ADT (all p<0.05 after adjusting for multiple testing). Gene ontology mining identified 8 genes to be of particular interest due to known roles in androgen-mediated signalling; ABCG1, ACTC1, ANKRD1, DMPK, THY1, DCLK1, CST3 were upregulated and SLC38A3 was downregulated post-ADT. Q-PCR in mouse gastrocnemius muscle confirmed that only one gene, Actc1 was concordantly upregulated (p<0.01) in orchidectomised mice compared with controls. In conclusion, given that ACTC1 upregulation is associated with improved muscle function in certain myopathies, we hypothesise that upregulation of ACTC1 may represent a compensatory response to ADT-induced muscle loss. Further studies will be required to evaluate the role and function of ACTC1.

Schliekelman MJ, Creighton CJ, Baird BN, et al.
Thy-1
Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1):6478 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) regulate diverse intratumoral biological programs and can promote or inhibit tumorigenesis, but those CAF populations that negatively impact the clinical outcome of lung cancer patients have not been fully elucidated. Because Thy-1 (CD90) marks CAFs that promote tumor cell invasion in a murine model of Kras

Suraeva NM, Morozova LF, Ryabaya OO, et al.
Characteristics of Mel Ibr Melanoma Line Subclone after Treatment with Chicken Embryo Extract.
Bull Exp Biol Med. 2017; 163(2):255-259 [PubMed] Related Publications
We continue analysis of the phenotype of human melanoma cell Mel Ibr subclone obtained previously by treatment of the parental cell line by chicken embryo extract. The present study is focused on detection of markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition that determine enhanced metastatic and invasive potential of malignant tumors of various locations. Analysis of the expression of E-cadherin and vimentin genes in the subclone and parental cells detected activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the subclone. Immunological markers CD90, CD271, and CD95 were present in the parental population, but were not detected on the subclone cells. In contrast to the parental line, cells of the analyzed subclone retain viability in serum-free medium and formed vessel-like structures characteristic of vasculogenic mimicry.

Li S, Jiang Y, Li A, et al.
Telomere length is positively associated with the expression of IL‑6 and MIP‑1α in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of multiple myeloma.
Mol Med Rep. 2017; 16(3):2497-2504 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Potential roles of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM) are largely unknown. In the current study, the authors analyzed telomere length and the expressions of interleukin (IL)‑6 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‑1α in MSCs derived from the bone marrow (BM) of MM patients and controls. The current results demonstrated that there was no significant difference in cell surface expression of CD73 and CD90, and the capacity to differentiate into bone tissue were identified between the BM MSCs derived from MM patients and controls. Interestingly, telomere length (TL) and mRNA expressions of IL‑6 and MIP‑1α were significantly longer or higher in BM MSCs of MM than those of controls. Moreover, TL is positively associated with the expressions of IL‑6 and MIP‑1α at the mRNA level in BM MSCs of MM. Additionally, IL‑6 and MIP‑1α expression were significantly upregulated when MSCs from MM patients were cultured in the myeloma associated condition medium. The present study indicated that myeloma‑associated elongation of TL of BM MSCs may be a key element contributing to the increased IL‑6 and MIP‑1α expression, by which MSCs in the tumor microenvironment may facilitate MM and/or MM bone disease development.

Liu Q, Chen K, Liu Z, et al.
BORIS up-regulates OCT4 via histone methylation to promote cancer stem cell-like properties in human liver cancer cells.
Cancer Lett. 2017; 403:165-174 [PubMed] Related Publications
Accumulating evidence has revealed the importance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in chemoresistance and recurrence. BORIS, a testes-specific CTCF paralog, has been shown to be associated with stemness traits of embryonic cancer cells and epithelial CSCs. We previously reported that BORIS is correlated with the expression of the CSC marker CD90 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These results encourage us to wonder whether BORIS exerts functions on CSC-like traits of human liver cancer cells. Here, we report that BORIS was enriched in HCC tissues. Exogenous overexpression of BORIS promoted CSC-like properties, including self-renewal, chemoresistance, migration and invasion in Huh7 and HCCLM3 cells. Conversely, BORIS knockdown suppressed CSC-like properties in SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells and inhibited tumorigenicity in SMMC-7721 cells. Moreover, BORIS alteration did not affect the DNA methylation status of the minimal promoter and exon 1 region of OCT4. However, BORIS overexpression enhanced the amount of BORIS bound on the OCT4 promoter and increased H3K4me2, while reducing H3K27me3; BORIS depletion decreased BORIS and H3K4me2 on the OCT4 promoter, while increasing H3K27me3. These results revealed that BORIS is associated with the CSC-like traits of human liver cancer cells through the epigenetic regulation of OCT4.

Liu A, Zhu J, Wu G, et al.
Antagonizing miR-455-3p inhibits chemoresistance and aggressiveness in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Mol Cancer. 2017; 16(1):106 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: The plasticity of cancer stem cells (CSCs)/tumor-initiating cells (T-ICs) suggests that multiple CSC/T-IC subpopulations exist within a tumor and that multiple oncogenic pathways collaborate to maintain the CSC/T-IC state. Here, we aimed to identify potential therapeutic targets that concomitantly regulate multiple T-IC subpopulations and CSC/T-IC-associated pathways.
METHODS: A chemoresistant patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) was employed to identify microRNAs that contribute to ESCC aggressiveness. The oncogenic effects of microRNA-455-3p (miR-455-3p) on ESCC chemoresistance and tumorigenesis were examined by in vivo and in vitro chemoresistance, tumorsphere formation, side-population, and in vivo limiting dilution assays. The roles of miR-455-3p in activation of the Wnt/β-catenin and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad pathways were determined by luciferase and RNA immunoprecipitation assays.
RESULTS: We found that miR-455-3p played essential roles in ESCC chemoresistance and tumorigenesis. Treatment with a miR-455-3p antagomir dramatically chemosensitized ESCC cells and reduced the subpopulations of CD90
CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that miR-455-3p functions as an oncomiR in ESCC progression and may provide a potential therapeutic target to achieve better clinical outcomes in cancer patients.

Liu Z, Dai X, Wang T, et al.
Hepatitis B virus PreS1 facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma development by promoting appearance and self-renewal of liver cancer stem cells.
Cancer Lett. 2017; 400:149-160 [PubMed] Related Publications
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major etiologic agent of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the molecular mechanism by which HBV infection contributes to HCC development is not fully understood. Here, we initially showed that HBV stimulates the production of cancer stem cells (CSCs)-related markers (CD133, CD117 and CD90) and CSCs-related genes (Klf4, Sox2, Nanog, c-Myc and Oct4) and facilitates the self-renewal of CSCs in human hepatoma cells. Cellular and clinical studies revealed that HBV facilitates hepatoma cell growth and migration, enhances white blood cell (WBC) production in the sera of patients, stimulates CD133 and CD117 expression in HCC tissues, and promotes the CSCs generation of human hepatoma cells and clinical cancer tissues. Detailed studies revealed that PreS1 protein of HBV is required for HBV-mediated CSCs generation. PreS1 activates CD133, CD117 and CD90 expression in normal hepatocyte derived cell line (L02) and human hepatoma cell line (HepG2 and Huh-7); facilitates L02 cells migration, growth and sphere formation; and finally enhances the abilities of L02 cells and HepG2 cells to induce tumorigeneses in nude mice. Thus, PreS1 acts as a new oncoprotein to play a key role in the appearance and self-renewal of CSCs during HCC development.

Overmiller AM, Pierluissi JA, Wermuth PJ, et al.
Desmoglein 2 modulates extracellular vesicle release from squamous cell carcinoma keratinocytes.
FASEB J. 2017; 31(8):3412-3424 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane-derived vesicles that serve as intercellular messengers carrying lipids, proteins, and genetic material. Substantial evidence has shown that cancer-derived EVs, secreted by tumor cells into the blood and other bodily fluids, play a critical role in modulating the tumor microenvironment and affecting the pathogenesis of cancer. Here we demonstrate for the first time that squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) EVs were enriched with the C-terminal fragment of desmoglein 2 (Dsg2), a desmosomal cadherin often overexpressed in malignancies. Overexpression of Dsg2 increased EV release and mitogenic content including epidermal growth factor receptor and c-Src. Inhibiting ectodomain shedding of Dsg2 with the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor GM6001 resulted in accumulation of full-length Dsg2 in EVs and reduced EV release. When cocultured with Dsg2/green fluorescence protein-expressing SCC cells, green fluorescence protein signal was detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis in the CD90

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